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Three atmospheric air cells
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What is the ITCZ
The Inter Tropical Convergence Zone
An area of Low pressure, upward moving, cloudy,, damp, still air.
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Two ways in which plants weather rock
1. Roots respire, produce CO2 which reacts with H2O in the soil to formweak acid, which weathers bed rock
2. roots grow into cracks
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The mineral most resistant to weathering
Quartz
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Three minerals resistant to weathering
Quartz, Feldspar, Olivine
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Three minerals least resistant to weathering
Amphibole Pyroxene mica
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What is particle density
It is the dnsity of the particles which make up a soil
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What is bulk Density
It is the density of the soin as a whole, oncluding voids, water etc
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Where will water move fastest in a chanel
It will move fastest at the surface in the middle
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Two ways in which taxonmic groups can be distinguished
by the means of sexual reproduction, by DNA
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Five kingdoms
Animal, Plant Bacteria Fungi Protoclists
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Adefinition of species
Species are organisms which can breed with each other
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What is primary succession
Plants moving into bare, newly created or reveald ground
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What is secondary succession
plants which move into ground already colonised and outcompete the primary succession plants
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How does water move in waves
In a circular motion
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What is the wave base
The depth at which wave motion affects water
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What happens when the wave base is lower than the sea bed
the wave length shorten, the wave ampltude increases, it becomes unstable and breaks
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Where is the there no erosion by a wave
when the sabed is below the wave base
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where is there moderate erosion by a wave
when the wave base is below the seabed but the wave has not broken
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when is a waves maximum erosion
after it has broken and become unstable
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Why is energy disipated in a bat
The waves are refracted and there is effectively less energy over a longer length
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Describe the role of th atmosphere in the Phosphorous cycle
There is no gaseous exchange, it is present in dust particles that are easily washed out by precipitation or direct settlement
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For the Spearman Rank Coeff what is D
it is the difference in the rank of two variables
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Describe what happens to UVC, its wave length etc
UVC wavelength is 100 - 260 Nm, absorbed by O2 in the upper atmosphere
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Describe UVB
260 - 320 Nm
small amounts strike the earth, harmful
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Describe UVA
320- 400 Nm
All strikes the earth
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What is the wave length of the visible spectrum
380 - 750 nm
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How does the atmosphere absorb UV
- Less than 100nm is absorbed by nitrogen in the upper atmospere
- between 100 and 250nm is absorbed by o2 in the atmosphere
- between 200 and 310 nm is absorbed by O3 (ozone) in the stratosphere
- greater tha 310nm strikes the earth
- therefore a small part of UV B strikes the earth, this can be very dangerous causing sunburn etc
- All UV A strikes the earth, warming it and proving part of its solar energy
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What is the difference between the temp and pressure graph within the atmosphere
The pressur graph is linear, whilst the temperature can vary with hieght because of the absorption of uv by gases in the upper atmosphere and stratosphere
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A typical hieght of the tropopause? and temperature at the tropopause
10 km
-57 degrees
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Typical temperature at the stratopause
-4 degrees
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Three types of flow into a water course
- Chanel precipitation
- Infiltration
- Overland flow
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What is chanel precipitation
pricipitation directly into a watercourse
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Two types of infiltration
1. Direct - flows thour the ground directly into a watercourse without the ground becoming saturated
2 Delayed flow - becomes part of a saturated zone, groundwater
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Possible causes of overland flow:
- impermiable surface
- saturated gound
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What is quick throughflow?
Usually a combination of overground and direct flow
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Three types of delta and examples
River dominated - Mississipi
Wave dominated - Tiber
Tide dominated - Ganges
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Describe a River dominated delta
Little tide or wave action, high levels of sediment deposition
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describe a wave dominted delta
moderate wave and or tide action, high levels of sedimentation, spread out
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Describe a tide dominated delta
high tidal range, causes featurs such as a birds mouth
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4 ways in which animals can co-exist in the same habitat
- Temporal Partioning
- Spacial Partitioning
- Food Partioning
- Breeding sites
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What is the refugia theory?
The cold climate of the last ice age caused tropical forested areas to shrink such that areas became isolated, which allowed species to evolve separatly and increase the species diversity when the forests where rejoined on warming.
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Layers in a temperate wood?
- Canopy
- small trees
- Shrub
- Herb
- ground- mosses, liverwort
- climbers
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Raunkiaer's classiffication, based on ? name the layers.
The hieght of perinanting tissue from the ground.
- 1. Phanerophytes -woody plants with perenating tissue greater than 25cm, trees
- 2. Chamaephytes - perenating tissue below 25 cm
- 3 Hemicryphytes - perenating tissue at ground level
- 4 Geophytes - perennating tissue below ground
- 5. Therophytes - annual or short lived herbs
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What is Ellenbergs ranking system
- It is an ecological ranking system based on variables which describe the resource a plant uses:
- water
- light
- pH
- soil nutrients
- temperature
- climate
- salinity
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What is interspecific competition
Competition between species
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What is the fundemental niche and ralised niche of an organism?
Fundemental niche is the total number of habitats in which an organis could live, the realisd niche is that number of habitats in which it can actually livebecause of competion
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How do organisms co-exist and compete at the same time?
- 1. Resource variability - soil coditions can vary over small distances
- 2. Niche separation - differing root depth
- 3. Establishment opportunities
- 4. Natural enemies - parasites etc may abuild up and attack a dominant species.
- 5. Climatic variability, able to withstand drought
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Define specific or field capacity
It is the the amount of water a sample of rock or soil can hold against the force of gravity
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Why is the position of the perenating tissue of inportance in the classification of plants
Because it can dictate the plants survival in particular habitat, ie. can it recover from grazing
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How can plants adapt to dry conditions
- hairy leaves
- thich stems, leaves to store water
- fewr stomata to prvent evapotranspiration
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Name 5 depositional land forms
- Beach
- Spit
- Bay barrier
- Tombolos
- Barrier island
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Which is the largest Nitrogen reservoir
The atmosphere
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Two ways nitrigenis maturally fixed
- in soils by bacteria
- in the tubers of some plants
- by lightning in the atmosphere
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What is the industrial process which fixes nitrogen
The Haber-Bosch process
CH4 + H2O gives 4H2 + CO2
2H2 +N2 gives 2NH3
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Two principle incoming energy fluxes?
- Solar Radiation
- Infra red radiation
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Define Pourosity
pourosity is the vulume of pours with a sample volume compare to the total volume of the sample
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What is primary and secondary pourosity
Primary or micro pourosity is the pourse that are in a rock as part of its format
Secondary porosity is that which is after its formation, cracking, jointing etc.
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Three processes that make nitrogen available
- fixation - conversion of N2 to NH3 (amonia)
- mineralisation - organic N to NH3 or NH4 (ammonium)
- nitrification - ammonium to NO2 nitrite and NO3 nitrates
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three process that remove nitrogen from soil
- Denitrification - the conversion of nitrates to gaseous form
- volatisation - conversion of urea to ammonia
- leaching
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why is nitrate (NO3) not retaind by soils
soil particles and nitrates are both negatively charged
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