AN SC 200

• (HIP)(SIRLOIN)(LOIN)
•            (        FLANK     )

• (RIB)       (        CHUCK           )
• (PLATE) (BRISKET) (SHANK)

• Amount of Cartilidge (thuff to eat)
• -Hind quarter is higher quality because less cartilidge
• -Front quarter is lower quality because more cartilidge

Tenderloin- tender because it is not used by a cow for any movement. Found below the left transverte process and to the left of the body of vertebrae

-Need slow moist heat to break down cartlidge

Longissimuss dorsi

• Coccygeal (a.k.a caudal) vertebrae
• Sacral  vertebrae
• Lumbar vertebrae
• Thoracic vertebrae
• Cervical vertebrae

Sometimes the sacral vertevrae fuse together forming the sacrum

-different species have different numbers, size and vary in degree of fusion

• -moves hormones from one body part to another through blood
• -fast electrical system

• -Pregnant Mare Urine
• -Used to be collected for high levels of estrogen which was consequently used by women

• -Steroids-not species specific
• tiny (17 to 21 long C molecules)
• species have them in common ie. testosterone
• -Proteins- more species specific
• huge (>10 a.a and moooore)
• depending on aa they are different between species

-chemical carried in blood from 1 organ in the body to another to have a distinctive effect

• A chemical substance produced and released into the environment by an animal, esp. a mammal or an insect, affecting the behavior or physiology of others of its species
• (product produced from 1 hormone effects other animals)

-spray pheromones to see if the pigs are in standing heat or not

-will pigs stand to be mated

• Hypothalamus GnRH
• Adeno hypophysis (anterior pituitary) LH, FSH, Prolactin, GH
• Ovaries Progesterone, estrogen
• Testis Testosterone
• Adrenal Cortex Cortisol, Corticosterone
• Nuero-hypophysis (posterior pituitary) Oxytocin
• Pancrease Insulin, Glucagon

• - helps body prioritise what is important
• ie if body is stressed reproductive system may shut down because it is of secondary importance ie scare chicken

• -stimulates milk let down = fast result
• -smooth muscle contractions for labour and delivery

maintains blood sugare levels

• Retained Placenta
• If placenta doesnt come out then give a shot of oxytocin to make sure it comes out

• Endocrine: fxn in blood stream-- insulin decreases blood sugar levels while glucagon increases them
• Exocrine: ducts -- enzymes to brk down proteins

Produces realeasing hormones ie GnRH (recieves intervention from brain and gets a signal to release hormone)

- produces gonadotripons ie FSH, LH (right below hypothalamus)

produce sterioids ie. Progesterone, estrogen, testosterone (produced in response of FSH and LH. males and females both have all 3 its just the ratio that varies)

one of the sphincters is weak

• milk-utter barrier
• (myoapithelian =smooth muscle contraction)

The female of a male/female twin pair in a cow --> hormones of the male twin go over and anvaginise the female so she is sterile

mature follicle leaving the ovary

giving birth

chicken laying eggs

• 18 mo (10 to 24)
• 21 days
• 5 days
• 336 days

• 4 to 24 months
• 21 days
• 18hrs
• 282 days

• 4 to 12 months
• 16.5 days
• 24 to 48 hrs
• 150 days

• 3 to 7 months
• 21 days
• 2 days
• 114days

• Estrus = and animal in heat, in follicular phase, estrogen domination
• Estrous cycle = ovulatory cycle

estrogen domination (when the follicle is at swollen stage) = may be off in milk production or jumping other cows and other behavioural changes

By the time a female is born she has all of the germ cells she will ever have, they sit and wait for puberty

Once a female hits puberty = more layers of cells (follicles increase in size)

• Corpus luteum
• important because it maintains hormones (progesterone)  levels

Estrogen ('wild thing' hormone) is gone and then need/use progesterone ('calming')

Pituitary- sends FSH- casuses follicle to grow in ovary--> Estrogen brings on heat-->LH causes follicle rupture, egg is released--> progesterone prepares cow for pregnancy

• While progesterone is high- FSH, estrogen, and LH are fairly low
• As progesterone decreases the other three increase - first estrogen then FSH and LH (LH increases waaay more)

When the LH is high as wel as Estrogen and Progesterone is low

Progesteron Releasing Intravaginal Device

• -Prostoglandin
• -Leteolytic- gets rid of corpus leutem (knocks off progesterone cycle) to synchronise cows
• -2 shot cycle

• PRID (increase progesterone and pull out)
• or PGF₂alpha (get rid of corpu luteum)

• The medullary is a calcium storage system where the bird takes Ca from when its gut is empty and stores its extra Ca when the gut is full
• Chickens are so selected for for laying eggs and then the medullary is all used up and starts to use up corticol = osteoperosis = cage layer fatigue

• mammals: inside = marrow, outside =bone
• birds: inside = medullary, outside = cortical
• Birds are different because
• have adaptations for flight = less weight in bones
• tend to be more compact (body mass to bone)
• more fusion in vertebrae

Post ovulatory follicle -egg is released, empty follicle

• Chickens have only 1 oviduct
• chickens have no uterus because have no placenta
• Rudimentary right oviduct

Stigma

Magnum = the longest structural part where an egg is applied

Isthmus = shell membrane appled

• stalk of ovary - small ova
• Stigma- ovulation- mature ovum
• Infundibulum (funnel)
• ostium
• neck of infundibulum
• magnum -longest structural part where egg white is applied
• Isthmus-- shell membrane applied
• Shell gland
• Vagina
• Rudimentary right oviduct- no fxn
• cloaca

everts the oviduct so not contact with cloaca and then comes back inn

• top: dorsal
• bottom: ventral
• back: caudel
• front: cranial
• rostral: closer to nose

• because the egg cools down and the liquid inside loses volume and shrinks, shell doesnt get smaller though
• chicks also pip into air cell so get stronger for 1 day beacuse more oxygen then head pulls back and pokes through the shell

• pigs = barrow
• bull = steer
• horse = gelding
• chicken = capon

For temperature (4 to 5 degrees lower than body temp to produce semen)

-they just evolved that way as a system accpeted and working

higher body temp than most animals, very hard for chickens to get infections because of this!

pig cryptorchid (species  specific name for crptorchid)

• Castration- back in the old days because birds grew slower and androgens made teh meat tough so wanted to favor estrogen production
• -2cm incision btwn 2 back ribs- rib sperator- took out rice looking testes with forceps. both sides.
• =open holes on both sides would cause wind puffs

chemcal sterilisation: gave estrogen in base of skull so rooster turns into hen- went bad in ontario old folks home- scandal so gov baned

boar tant is a steroid produced by intact male pigs which gives the meat a funny smell when its being cooked = so can lose market. This is why we dont want rigdlings

Genderal name for animal born with one or more internal testes (usually testicular decent is sometime during later stages of gestation)

• Females: born with all the germ cells they will ever need
• Male: grow different sperm cells every 60 days (if he is stressed out like in hot climate= infertile for 60 days)

• -boar ejaculates for 8 to 10 minutes
• -in the boar the seminal vessicles produce a thick fluid that comes out last after semen so it acts as a plug to the female
• -the penis drills into the ring of the cervix of the sow and he ejaculates right into the unterus (horse and cow ejaculate into the vagina)

because of how they mate with the sow: the boar has more dilute sperm and so needs a big volume

• They have an S-shaped penis
• If the retractor penis muscle relaxes = erection (sigmoid flexure)
• If the Rp contracts the penis pulls back in

because they grow so fast (these are teh genetics expressed for)

Taking food sources and breaking them into small units of aa, fatty acids, monosacharides for the gut to absorb

A part in the testes where maturation of sperm occurs and the fluid reabsorptioon of sperm as well

Seminiferous tubules

Ruminants, monogastrics, non ruminant herbivores

feed when it starts to break down

So they can grind and chew

Mechanical digestion- wall=big stomach

• "Gastric stomach" = food causes release of gastrin which eReleases Hydrochloric acids and lots of enzymes such as pepsin (which breaks down proteins)
• -very acidic = pH of 3

• 60 foot spectrum

  1. Duodenum

  2. Jejunum

  3. Illium (has sphyncter)

  As go down the small intestine digestion decreases and absorption increases *

It increases pH because it releases many buffers

• "Blind Sac"
• no cycle food just in and out (Parastolsis = in, reverse parastolsis = empty cecum and bring back up)
• Big, 1 hole
• * Breaks down forage through fermenation because horses do not have cellulase they rely on bacteria in the cecum to break dow cellulose so they can get energy from it
• Chyme spends a lot of time here

Parastolsis = chyme into cecum, reverse parastolsis = empty cecum and bring back up

To prevent food from going back from where it came from

water is absorbed

• They ruminate = chew cud
• have a rumen
• have more than one stomach

Reticulum, Rumen, Omasum, Abomasum (in this order)

• Its the first place to accept food
• contains the esophygeal groove

• aka reticular groove
• located in the reticulum
• channels milk from the esophogus to the omasum

• It is like a big vat full of protozoa and bacteria that ferments food for 24 hours
• pre-fermentation: some food flows back and gets regergitated and swallowed again

• once the chyme is broken down it goes here
• (looks like its full of leafs like a book) gringing and absorption happens here

• ***GASTRIC STOMACH
• "true stomach"
• HCL and Pepsin and fermentation and some mechanical digestion

It is so long this way it keeps it from twisting and is in one place

• Reticulum to the Rumen to get regergitated to  the Omasum to teh Abomasum to the Duodenum to the Jejunum to the Illeum to the Cecum to the Spiral Colon
• (pregastric fermentation occurs before teh chyme goes to gastric stomach*)

• Left displaces abomasum
• abomasum can flip and twist around intestine and cause it to squeeze off

• reiticulum sits close to the diaphragm and so if something sharp may poke through the reticulum and the diaphragm and the riminant may sufficate because it needs negative pressure to breath in and positive pressure to breath out
• use bolus gun to shoot a magnet down which sits at the bottom of the gut to attract the items

• animal cant get rid of gas
• stomach gets big on the left side
• if too much pressure on espohegeal sphincter the animal cant eruciate so essentially the animal drowns
• tube down stomach to release gas
• if its too foamy feed tide to release the pressure
• stab with with a TROCAR

sharp pipe or tube stabbed directly into the rumen to relieve the gas pressure of bloat

the chynme thats been regergitated and chewed again to be swallowed again

• millions of bacteria produce CO₂ and methane
• get ride of gas through eruciating (burping)

built up pressure opens the sphyncter at the end of the espoohagus so gas can escape up through it

beak (no teath) --> to the esophagus--> CROP (short food storage time)--> esophagus continues after crop --> PROVENTRICULUS (gastric stomach) feed just goes through-->GIZZARD mechanical digestion (muscle), the gizzard size depends on how rough the feed is--> empties into the DUODENUM-->JEJUNUM--> ILLIUM --> 2 blind sacs CECA where bacterial digestion occurs--> out through cloaca

Egg yolk gets smaller and internalises attached to the small intestine

The part attached to between the jejunum and the illium where the egg yolk was attached and internalised. The nutrients in the yolk sac provide the nutrients to the chick for the first few days

monogastric

• rocks help with mechanical digestion
• not fed to broilers because feed is fine enough and it would cause chaos in the processing equipment