Chapter 4

• numerous, short, hair-like projections extending from the surface of a cell.
• Move material across the surface of the cell

• moves the entire cell
• In human body - only sperm cell have flagella.
• Eukaryotic flagella move in a whip-like manner

• Cellulose
• All the cell walls of eukaryotes made of carobahydrates

Chitin

Glucan and manna

No cell wall, just an outer sugar coating called Glycocalyx that attached to plasma membrane.

• Sticky carbohydrates - helps cells recognize one another and stick to one another
• protect the cell from digestion by enzymes.
• Also attracts a film of fluid to teh surface of many cells, ex. RBC's making them slippery to pass through narrow vessels.

• is a flexible, sturdy barrier
• structure - fluid mosaic model
• have phospholipid bilayer and proteins for transport

• 1 - Integral proteins - extend across the entire lipid bilayer
• 2. Trasnmembrane proteis - extend from extracellular fluid to cytosol
• 3. Peripheral proteins - associate loosely with the polar heads ,on the inner or outer surface of membrane.
• Many membane proteins are glycoproteins.

• allow sodium potassium pass through
• open/close
• single type of ion pass

move a polar substance from one side to another.

recognize and bind a specific molecule. The chemical binding to the receptor is called a ligand.

catalyze specific chemical reactions at the inside or outside surface of the cell.

glycoproteins and glycolipids, such as humand leukocyte antigens

• Simple and facilitated diffusion
• osmosis
• Activce transport ( no group transolcation)
• Vesicular transport

• vesicular transport - materials move into a cell
• viruses can take advantage of this mechanism to enter cells
• 2 Types
• Phagocytosis
• Pinocytosis

engulf particles

ingestion of extracellular fluid

material moving out of the cell via secretory vesicles

• microfilaments
• intermediate filaments
• microtubules

movement of cytoplasm and nutrients throughtout the cell

• double membranre, have pores for trasport
• Nucleolus - in the center
• Chromotin - similar to cytoplasm
• Nucleolus and Chromotin have DNA in them the nucelolus is just darker(histones coil dna tightly)

extend from ne nuclear membrane that form flattened sace or tubules

• Continuous with the nuclear membrane and has ribosomes on outer surface
• Ribosomes - synthesize proteins The proteins than enter the space inside the ER for further processing and storing.

• extend from the rough ER, no ribosomes.
• Synthesizes fatty acids and steroids, tedosifies druges, stores calcium ion.

• Sites of protein synthesis
• 80S
• Some on Rough ER
• some are free floating in cytoplasm.
• Also found in chloroplasts and mitochondria 70S

• Faces ER and reseives proteins from Smooth ER via vesicles. Contains dif. enzymes that modifies, sort and package protines. Release proteins via:
• Secretory vesicle - to outside the cell
• Storage visicle - proteins stoled in cytoplasm as lysosomes - distroyes debri.

• have digestive enzymes
• digests: worn-out organells, ceullar content, substances that where ate or drunk from the outside the cell.

• cavity in plants
• derived from the Golgi complex
• Serve:
• Structural support
• storage of bio molecules, ions
• store metabolic waist

involved in cell division and contain centrioles- mitotic spindle formation that pull chromosomes apart.

• Making ATP and Cell respiraion.
• Double membrane
• Inner membrane has folds called - cristae - increases surface area to make more ATP
• Inside inner mem. called matrix
• Devided independently from cell and has own DNA and 70S ribosomes-binary fission

• Only in algae and green plants
• pigment chlorophyll and enzymes ncessary for photosynthesis
• Self-replicate sing their own DNA and Contain 70S ribosomes - binary vission.

mitochndria and chloroplasts in eukaryotis are like bacteria that got somehow into the cell.