RadBio 9/28 1st test Katy

DNA s the material from which __________ are made.

Individual genes are  assigned specific loci(or positions) on protein structures called___________.

The cell contains several nucleoli which are organelles that facillitate________asssembly.

Woven throughout the cytoplasm is a filamentous membrane called the _____________.

The endoplasmic reticulum is continous with the___________and houses the_____________.

Between he nucleus and the cell wall  is as substance
called_________ made from__________and_________.

Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?

Which organelle stores and manages intracellular substances?

This organelle  is important for intracellular
digestion.

___________are organelles that harbor specific enzyme systems which facilitate certain metabolic processes.

Which organelle produces ATP?

___________function in cytoplasmic storage

____________is the source of energy that drives intracellular metabolism.

What are the four phases of the cell cycle?

______is the period before duplication or synthesis of DNA in the nucleus.

In the______ ______,living cells are fully functioning but not programmed for mitosis.

The_____  _____  is the observable sequence of events pursued during the life span of a dividing cell.

The_________ phase is extremely variable in length.

The________phase is the period in which nuclear DNA is synthesized and chromosomes are duplicated.

During_________phase, the cell is growing, producing proteins and organelles and discharging it's metabolic responsibilities

The shortest phase of the cell cycle is the___________ phase.

Radiation is most effective during the ______phase.

DNA is composed of a series of _________.

Deoxyribonucleotides,
which are the building blocks of ________  are composed of three chemical
                     
                     
 Deoxyribonucleotides, which are the building blocks of ________  are composed of three chemical components: _________, ________, and __________.

As long as cells can maintain themselves in  a range of normal function, they exist in a state of _____________.

Cells maintain themselves in a state of homeostasis by elaborating a vast array of_______ and _________ that facilitate adaption to physiologic and pathologic stress.

What are the phases of mitosis?

Initially tumor growth is exponential, but as the tumor enlarges and outgrows it's blood supply the rate of cell replication more closely equals the rate of cell______.
This is demonstrated by the ________growth curve.
Tumors that are detetectable are usually in the _______ portion of the curve.Treatment reduces the number of cells, thus moving the tumor back down the curve where growth rate is_______.Once this has happened,the cells are ____   ______ and are _______ ________ to radiation and chemotherapy.

The DNA nitrogenous base adenine can combine only with________

The DNA nitrogenous base guanine can only combine with_______.

During__________the chromsomes shorten. The chromosomes consist of two chromatids atached at centromere.Centrioles move to opposite poles of cell;spindle fibers appear and begin to orient between poles; nucleoli and nuclear membrane dsappears.

Chromosomes line up in the middle in of the cell in ___________.

The two sister chromatids are detached and pulled towards opposite ends of the cell during ____________.

This phase is the reverse of prophase:new chromosomes begin to elongate,nuclear envelopes reappears and spindle fibers disapear.

Identify this phase of mitosis:

Identify this stage of mitosis:

Identify this stage of mitosis:

Identify this stage of mitosis:

_________  __________ or ___________ can be defined as the study of the sequence of events following the _______of energy from __________ __________ , the effort of the organism to _________, and the damage to the organism that may be produced.

When discussing the interaction of radiation with matter, two terms must be decribed:________, and ________.

In _________ the incoming radiation ejects an _______
from the shell of an atom, causing the atom to be charged or __________.

In _________, the ________ in the outer shell is said to be _________(or oscillating) but is not ejected from the shell.

Can visible changes from radiation usually be distinguished from other kinds of trauma?

Radiation ______ or _______ _____ interact with a cell.

If interaction does occur, damage _______ or ______ ______ occur.

The __________ energy deposition occurs _______
___________ and is ______________.

Biologic changes that occur after irradiation do so after some time has elapsed. This is called the ________
___________.

The duration of the latent period is ___________ related to the _________ administered and can range from ______
to ____________.

Ionizing radiations are classified as either ____________
or ___________.

Examples of electromagnetic radiation:

Examples of particulate radiation:

When radiation initially interacts with a cell, the ionization can be _____________ or ______________.

Directly and Indirectly ionizing radiation:

Note: this is just and image for your understanding

_________ ionizing radiations give rise to ____________,
charged secondary particles that can then directly or indirectly cause ionizations in the critical ________.

In indirect effects ____________ __________, as the secondary particles , react with the most abundant cellular medium,___________.

__________ ________ involve a series of reactions known as _____________.

describe low LET radiation:

What does LET stand for?

X-rays and gamma rays are ________ LET radiation.

Alpha, beta, and neutron particles have predominately
_______________ effects.

A reactive atom or atom group in a highly reactive transient state because it has unpaired valence electron is called a __________.

One  very toxic substance to the cell, ____________, can be formed as a consequence of ________ when is  two  _______ ________combine.

Because the majority of the cell is(____%) consists of ______, the probability of damage by _____ effects is much greater than _______effects with the use of ________ _________.

Of the  several reactions caused by indirect effects, the predominate pathway that accounts for approximately _______ of the cellular damage involves the _________ _____________.

A _______ _______ contains an ________ electron in the outer shell; this makes it highly _______.

Depending on the composition of the incident beam of the radiation, various _________ particles are produced in the cell. These __________particles may ________ or ________ ionize the______ target.The physical properties of these ____________ particles(mass and______)give rise to the characteristic path of damage in the cell.

The rate at which energy is deposited by charged particles(incident or secondary)as they travel through matter is known as the ______ ______ ______(___)

The ______ is an average value calculated by dividing the ____________ deposited(in __________) by the distance traveled in _______.

Sparsely ionizing radiation like ____ ___and_____ _____ are classified as _____ _______because the _________ electrons produced are small particles that deposit their energy over _______   ________in ___________.

_______ ionizing radiation like ______ and _______
particles are classified as _____ _______ because these particles are much bulkier in terms of ______than _______and therefor  deposit their energy over much
_______ distances in the cell.

LET  is _________ proportional to the square of the _______________ and ___________ proportional to the square of the _________.

Generally, a large charged particle like a ______ or  a _______ particle does not penetrate nearly as far as a ______ _______ particle(_________) , and not quite as far as am uncharged particle of equal mass.(______)

_________ usually have an intermediate LET. As the neutron's energy _____ it's penetration into tissue also _______therefore, it's LET  _________.

Equal doses of different _______ radiations do not produce the same biologic effect. This is called the _____ _______
_________(_____).

The formula for determining the relative biologic effectiveness of a test radiation is:

In general, as the LET of the radiation increases , so does its  ________.

The key molecule in the nucleus of the cell for radiation damage is thought to be __________.

The ______ theory states that when ionizing radiation interacts with or near a key molecule(____), the _____ area is termed the _______.

Damage to a key molecule may be lethal and has led to the development of the _______ ________ for radiation _______.

An ionization event that occurs in the target is termed a ______.

One form of DNA damage involves  the change in or loss of one or more of the four nitrogenous base(adenine, guanine,_______,   _________, or  ________instead of _______).

______ ________ breaks are more common in the DNA backbone, which are common after irradiation with ______ ______ radiations, and may or may not be ____________.

Irradiated cells that involve a disruption in the _______ ______ (____), the ratio of the number of mitotic cells to the total number of cells in the irradiated population.

The higher the radiation dose, the longer is the mitotic delay and therefore the greater is the decrease in __________.

Smile  the test will be over soon!

A change in the base sequence(in DNA) not rectified by the cell is an example of a__________.

Agents such as ________   ______that that cause change in the genetic  material are  __________.

Gross structural changes in chromosomes are referred to as
_______, _________, and __________.

What is the difference between a chromoome aberration and a chromatid aberration?

In a _______ abberation only one of the two daughter cells will be affected by the chromosme damage if it is not repaired.

With a ________ aberration, if the break is not repaired, it will be replicated in S phase when the cell duplicates it's DNA, and both daughter cells will have the break.

What is the most potent radiosensitizer?

Consequences of structural damage to  a chromosome  may include_________ with no damage  or_______ or _________ of genetic material.

A single radiation induced break in any part of a chromosome results in two fragments: the part without the _________ is called the ________ _________.

The rejoining of single break fragments, called _______. and has a probability of ________ of occuring because of their proximity.

If restitution does not occur after a single break, both fragments will be replicated in_______ phase resulting in ________ fragments , each with a _______ _____. ______ of these chromatids comtain a ________ and ________ do not. The two ________ containing chromatids join making a ________ fragment and the other two fragments join to make an ______ fragment. This results in an _______ bridge that tears  and results in unequal transmission of genetic material to eah daughter cell.

When an acentric fragment from one broken chromosome joins to a centromere containing fragment of the other
broken chromosome and forms a normal appearing chromosome this rearrangement is called a _______.

A ____ _____ in one arm of the chromosome results in 3 fragments, each with a broken end. The major consequences of a double break are

When the fragment between the  break is lost and the remaining 2 fragments joined, it is called a ________.

When the middle fragment with 2 broken ends turns around or inverts before rejoining the other 2 fragments, this is called an _________.

The number of _____ ______ is directly proportional to the total dose of radiation administered.

The number of single breaks is directly proportional to the
total dose of _________.

What are the three responses described by Puck and Marcus that cells have to radiation?

Careful here: this is not aking for conditions that affect the cells response to radiation- It IS asking for the cells response to radiation

The frequency of single breaks, or simple aberrations ________ as the _______ decreases.

What are HeLa cells?

Who where Puck and Marcus?

Who evented the survival curve?

A plot of the ________ ______ _________on the x axis
versus the _______ _________of cells on the y axis

______    ________can be defined as death of irradiated cells before they reach mitosis.

Nonmitotic and nondivision death are names for
_________ _________.

If irradiation of the cell during the ___, ___, or ___ phase
results in death, this mode of response is ___________.

The ratio of the number of________to the total number of cells in the irradiated population is called the _________.

What is an index that gives you the proliferation status of an irradiated cell population?

When there is a disruption in the MI  of an irradiated cell population it is known as a _______ _____ or a ________ _________.

The consequence of mitotic delay is a decrease in the MI for the population, which means that fewer cells than normal will enter _______and________.

When an acentric fragment from 1 broken chromosome joins to a centromere containing fragment of the other broken chromosome and forms a normal appearing chromosome this rearrangement is called __________.

Two chromatids that each contain a centromere that join are called ___________.

Two chromatids that join without a centromere are _____.

What are the most common late or _______changes after
irradiation?

What are the most common early or _____changes after
irradiation?

The Law of Bergonie & Tribondeau states the ionizing radiation  is more effective against cells that are (1)_______(2) are    _______, and (3 ___________.

Bergonie & Tribondeau defined ______ in terms of mitotic activity and the level of differentiation.

Cells dividing more often are more __________.

________  cells  also known as ______cells are completely undifferentiated and are extremely ________________.

_______ refers to the replacement of damaged cells by a
different cell type, thus resulting in scar formation or fibrosis

Ancel and Vitemberger proposed that various external factors influence cellular response to radiation .This is known as________ ________ and  there are three groups of factors: _______,________. and _________.

________  is replacing of damaged cells by
the same cell type

Cells attempt to repair radiation damage before mitosis by stopping in ________phase to confirm that the DNA and proteins are intact.

Does division delay occur in both lethally and nonlethally damaged cells?

VIM is short for ______.

DIM is short for ______.

RPM is short for _______.

FPM stands for ________.

The 2nd group of cell population is _______ which are cells that are also actively mitotic but a little more differntiated than VIM cells. They are also considered radiosensitive.

The 1st group of cell population category  is______ which are cells that are rapidly dividing, undifferentiated cells with short life spans which are the most ___________.

The third group of cells ,known as _______ ________  ________ __________, is intermediate in radiosensitivity.
They divide_________ nd are more differentiated than VIM and DIM cells.

The fourth group of cell population is _______ which are cells that normally do not divide but are capable of doing so. This group is__________.

The 5th  cell group  is called the ______population. The cells are highly ________, highly differentiated, do not ______, and may or may not be replaced when they die.

Structurally, organs are composed of two compartments: the __________ and the ___________. The ________ contains the charecteristic cells of that tissue or organ.
VIM, DIM, RPM,  and FPM cells are example of
__________ cells.

The stroma consists of _______ tissue and _______ and is _________ in radiosensitivity.

RTOG  stands for ________?

The RTOG has summarized the  acute and ______ effects
of radiation into various categoriesor grades based on the ________ of  the clinical response.

______ can occur in any organ and is more likely after higher doses (_______ cGy) that destroy ___________
cells and make __________ impossible.

Inflammation, edema and possible hemmorrhaging in the exposed area are the most common _______ or ______ changer after irradiation.

Fibrosis, atrophy, and ulceration are the most common ______ or _______ changes and are _______.

The most severe response _____reponse to irradiation is _______ or death.

Are *Type A spermatagonia cells radiosensitive or radioresistant?Are they actively divising? How differentiated? How about the length of their mitotic fuure?

HINT
*don't confuse Type A spermatgonia(a stem cell) with spermatazoa(mature sperm)

Are nerve cells and spermatazoa radiosensitive or resistant? Why?

What are the two  physical factors that influence cellular response to radiation?

The chemical factors that affect a cells response to radiation are _________, __________.

Fractionation works because normal tissue repair________damage between ________(usually
within hours of each exposure depending on the dose/fraction).The _____portion or the curve repeats(that is where the damage is repaired) bu all other parameters of the survival curve remail the same.
between factions but the rest of the survival 
parameters remain the same.

FACTORS OF CONDITIONAL SENSITIVITY TO RADIATION  
Physical Factors:.
1)dose rate (Low dose rates 
less efficient for producing damage than high dose rate)
2)Concentration of
radiation in cell (LET)Optimal LET is 160 keV(higher or lower is not better) 
Chemical Factors:
1)RadiosensitizersOXYGEN!(MOST IMPORTANT) more significant with low LET(Halogenated pyrimidines and nitroimidazoles)
2)RadioprotectorsSULFHYDRYLS(amofostine)more significant with low LET 
 Biologic Factors:
1)Position in the cell
cycle(G2, M-most radiosensitive)(S-least
radiosensitive
2)Ability to repair sub-lethal damage

OER stands for_________________.

The oxygen effect is less significant with______ and  may not be observable with ______ _______ radiation.

A dose rate effect has been observable for _______, _______,  or_______.

Puck an Marcus identified the three responses of cells to irradiation as being:_______, __________, or __________.

What is the most common response of cells to irradiation?

A decrease in the reproductive integrity or cells ability to undergo a limited number of divisions after irradiationis called_______.

The dose rate effect is sugnificant with low LET radiation like xrays amf gamma rays but it is not observed in ____ ______ radiation.

Cell survival curves differ for ______ versus hypoxic cell populations.

The ability of a radioprotector to diminish the effects of  a dose of radiation is called the _____ _______ _______.
The equation for figuring this our is: