Biology Vocab - Chapter 1

- the force that holds molecules of a single material together (41)

- the attractive force between two bodies of different substances that are in contact with each other (41)

- a homogeneous mixture throughout which two or more substances are uniformly dispersed (42)

- in a solution, the substance that dissolves in the solvent (42)

- in a solution, the substance in which the solute dissolves (42)

- OH^- ion (43)

- an ion consisting of a proton combined with a molecule of water (43)

- H₃O⁺

- any compound that increases the number of hydronium ions when dissolved in water; acids turn blue litmus paper red and react with bases and some metals to form salts (43)

- any compound that increases thenumber of hydroxide ions when dissolvedin water; bases turn red litmus paper blue and react with acids to formsalts (44)

- a chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine to produce water or another simple molecule (53)

- a chemical reaction between water and another substance to form two or more new substances; a reaction between water and a salt to create an acid or a base (53)

- any organic compound that is made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and that provides nutrients to the cells of living things (55)

- an organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells (56)

- sugar formed from two monosaccharides (56)

- one of the carbohydrates made up of long chains of simple sugars; polysaccharides include starch, cellulose, and glycogen (56)

- the chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid (57)

- a large, nonpolar organic molecule, including fats and steroids; lipids store energy and make up cell membranes (59)

- an organic acid that is contained in lipids, such as fats or oils (59)

- a lipid made of three fatty acid molecules and one glycerol molecule (175)

- in a nucleic-acid chain, a sub-unit that consists of a sugar, a phosphate, and nitrogenous base (60, 197)

- the study of life (5)

- in biology, the smallest unit that can perform all life processes; cells are covered by a membrane and contain DNA and cytoplasm (7, 69)

- a collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body (7, 76, 909)

- a collection of specialized cells and cell products that perform a specific function (7, 76)

- one of the small bodies that are found in the cytoplasm of a cell and that are specialized to perform a specific function (7, 75)

- the steady-state physiological condition of the body (8)

- the sum of all chemical processes that occur in an organism (8, 36)

- a short segment of DNA that contains the instructions for a single trait (9)

- in a modern taxonomic system,the broadest category; the category that contains kingdoms (11, 339)

- in a traditional taxonomic system, the highest taxonomic category, which contains a group of similar phyla (11, 339)

- a community of organisms and their abiotic environment (11, 362)

- a heritable change in the characteristics within a population from one generation to the next; the development of new types of organisms from preexisting types of organisms over time (12, 297)

- the process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully than less well adapted individuals do

- a theory to explain the mechanism of evolution

- in an experiment, the factor that is deliberately manipulated, also called the manipulated variable (15)

- in an experiment, the factor that changes as a result of manipulation of one or more other factors; also called a responding variable (15)

- an explanation for some phenomenon that is based on observation, experimentation, and reasoning; that is supported by a large quantity of evidence; and that does not conflict with any existing experimental results or observations (17)

- a microscope that uses light to illuminate a specimen that is then magnified by two lenses (21)

- a microscope that produces an enlarged, three dimensional image of an object by using a beam of electrons rather than light (abbreviation, SEM) (22)

- a microscope that transmits a beam of electrons through a very thin slice of specimen and that can magnify up to 200,000 times (abbreviation, TEM) (22)

- one of the fundamental units of measurements that describe length, mass, time, and other quantities and from which other units are derived (23)