Physiology Exam 1

• Detect information
• Recognize significance
• Decide on response
• Execute action

Transmit sensory information from PNS to CNS (sensory neurons)

Neurons relay information from CNS to effector organs (motor pathway)

• Autonomic Nervous System- controls internal organs:
• sympathetic system: fight or flight
• parasympathetic system: rest and digest
• Somatic Motor Division-Controls skeletal muscle

sensory--> CNS--> motor

sensory-smell

sensory-vision

motor-eye movement

motor-eye movement

• Both:
• sensory-face sensation
• motor-chewing

motor-eye movement

• Both-
• sensory-anterior taste
• motor-facial expression

sensory-Hearing, Balance

• Both-
• sensory-posterior taste
• motor-pharynx, salivary

Both- larynx, lungs, heart, gastrointestinal (s) (m)

motor-movement of neck, viscera, swallowing

motor-tongue movement

• cervical (8)
• thoracic (12)
• lumbar (5)
• sacral (5)
• coccyx (1)

Posterior, Afferent, sensory-->CNS

Anterior, Efferent, motor-->PNS/effector organs

transmit info from spinal cord to brain (rise)

transmit info from brain to spinal cord

• "Hard, durable mother"
• Outer most layer of meninges, tough fibrous tissue touches bone

• "spider mother"
• middle layer of meninges, weblike structure touches dura mater, no space between
• -subarachnoid mater-space between arachnoid and pia filled w/CSF

• "tender, kind mother"
• inner most layer of meninges, adjacent to nerve tissue adheres to brain/spinal cord

• system of 4 ventricles
• Holds CSF (proteins and glucose) providing nourishment and protection

• made of modified capillaries made of endothelial cells that have pores between them. the capillaries that line the brain are also endothelial cells but have tight junctions to reduce space and covered by feet of astrocytes.
• Helps seperate blood circulating in capillaries (which may be carrying toxins) from mixing w the extracellular fliud of the brain.

• Forebrain:
• -cerebrum
• -diencephalon

-cerebellum

• Brain stem:
• -midbrain
• -pons
• -medulla oblongata

• part of brainstem, conduction pathway between higher and lower brain centers
• components-
• tectum: (roof) responsible for auditory and visual reflexes
• tegumentum:(covering) involved in many unconscious homeostatic and reflexive pathways.

• relay info from cerebrum to cerebellum.
• co-operates with medualla oblongata (respiratory rate)

• components:
• grey matter (visceral muclei) controlling heart rate, blood vessel diameter, resp. rate, coughing, vomiting (autonomic involuntary functions)

white matter contains ascending somatosensory tracts and descending corticospinal tracts (tracts cross midline @ medula or spinal cord)

• "mini brain"
• motor coordination and balance processes info from cerebral motor cortex , proprioceptors, visual and equilibrium pathways

• contains
• Thalamus-relay station, memory processing
• Hypothalamus-Homeostasis center

• "basic instinct"
• mediates emotional response
• connects to frontal, temporal lobe, thalamus and hypothalamus
• contains:
• amygdala-anger, fear and aggression
• cingulate gyrus-positive and negative emotional response
• hippocampus-learning and memory
• insular cortex-relates visceral/autonomic sensations of emotion to rest of brain
• ex: bear--->HR ,BP increase --->fear

anger, fear and agression

involved in positive and negative emotional response

learning and memory

• relates visceral/autonomic sensations of emotion to rest of brain
• EX: Bear-->increase HR BP-->Fear

Band of tissue connecting two halves of cerebral hemisphere of the cerebrum

• Layer 1: almost no cell bodies
• Layer 2: inhibitory interneurons
• Layer 3: Excitatory interneurons
• Layer 4: Sensory signals project here
• Layer 5,6: pyrimidal cells (projection neurons) major output cells of the cortex
• non-pyrimidal cells involved in local processing

• Temporal-auditory perception(primary auditory cortex)
• Frontal-voluntary movement (primary motor cortex)
• Parietal-sensory
• Occipital-visual processing center(visual cortex)

"little man" maps which area of somatosensory cortex are devoted to particular regions of body

• A theory of language processing
• Wernickes area
• primary visual cortex
• angular gyrus
• arcuate fasciculus
• primary cortex
• Brocas area
• primary auditory cortex

speech comprehension

• language expression
• speaking and writing words

process vision

recognition of written words

network of neurons connecting wernickes to brocas area

control and excecution of voluntary movements

process sound

• Fluent nonsensical jargon (flows smoothly and quick)
• doesnt make sense but they are not aware of it
• possible neogism-making up new words

• Difficulty speaking but they comprehend and understand what is being told to them.
• difficulty articulating syntax-grammatical rules/complete sentences

• one side of the brain controls other side of body
• in somatic sensory pathways:
• touch
• temperature
• proprioception
• pain
• 3 neuron series
• 1st order neurons triggered by receptor activation
• 2nd order neurons cross midline
• 3rd order neurons originate in thalamus(direct signal to appro. place)

• nonverbal and visual spatial
• language capabilities:
• understand meaning of a word
• comprehend vocab at 13 yr old level
• comprehend sentence structure at 5 yr old level
• give context to language
• govern emotional expression of language
• important visual spatial info

language and analytical function

• Left hemisphere-language & analytical function
• Right hemisphere-nonverbal & visual spatial
• ask 1. what was patient asked to do?
• 2. which hemisphere activated?
• 3. think of contralateral control?