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What is the purpose of sampling bird blood?
- aid to diagnosis
- evaluate patient condition
- evaluate treatment
- prognostic indicator
- environmental monitoring
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Why do we analyze avian blood to help aid with diagnosis?
birds hide signs until it is too late
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How much blood can you take from a blood?
1% of body weight
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What kind of syringe do we usually use to collect avian blood?
heparinized tb syringe with 25 gauge 5/8" needle
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Can we use EDTA to collect avain blood?
yes
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Do some people not use anticoagulants?
yes, but birds bleed slowly so it may clot before being able to get all the blood in the tube
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Should we pull the birds feather to get a better view of the vein?
no, it is painful
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When using an anticoagulant to collect avian blood, what do we need to make sure we remember?
do not over dilute with anticoagulant
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What are the different collection sites for birds?
- jugular vein
- cutaneous ulnar vein
- medial metatarsal vein
- toenail
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Which collection site is the easiest when collecting avian blood?
cutaneous ulnar vein
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What is another name for a cutaneous ulnar vein?
wing vein
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Is the medial metatarsal vein always available for collecting avian blood?
- no
- good for long legged birds
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What is a common problem with collecting blood in birds?
- hematomas
- must hold the vein off immediately after collection
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How do we collect the blood from an ulnar vein?
must pull plunger immediately after getting in the vein (have hand on the plunger before even getting in the vein) - must hold the vein off after collection
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Why don't some doctors use the ulnar vein?
because they want to save it for giving IV fluids
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Why do we need to clean the toe nail before using it to collect blood?
birds will sometimes urinate on their toes
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What can the PCV tell us with avian hematology?
- increases with dehydration
- decreases with anemia
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When is anemia common with birds?
with birds who do not eat
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What do we need to note with the plasma color?
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What is the normal range for a PCV in avians?
35 - 55%
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In addition to testing the PCV and noting the plasma color, what else do we need to look at in the hematocrit tube?
- the size of the buffy coat
- large buffy coat indicates leukocytosis
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Is a true icterus rare in birds?
yes
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If a bird is truly icteric then what is it caused by?
liver disease
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Do birds have bilirubin?
no
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Instead of bilirubin, what do birds have and why?
biliverdin (green color) due to carotenoids (from plants and grain)
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What color do birds bruise?
green
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What is a hemolyzed plasma color usually due to?
how hard we have to pull on the plunger
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What is a lipemic plasma usually due to?
post prandial
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Do we worry about lipemia in birds? What kind of tests can it affect?
- no, we want them to eat
- chemical tests - cholesterol, glyserol, lipase
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What is the normal range for total soilds?
3 - 6 gm/dl
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When the total solid is at ____ the prognosis is poor.
1.5 gm/dl
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What is a new way to make a blood smear?
spread with a 50 mm coverslip - drop it on top and pull it apart
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How many dips do we do in the diff quik for avian hematology?
15 dips
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All mature bird blood cells are _____.
nucleated
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What do avian erythrocytes look like?
- elliptical (oval)
- pink cytoplasm
- elongated nucleus with clumpy chromatin
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What is a heterophil?
similar to a neutrophil - functions like a neutrophil
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Do birds have neutrophils?
no
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What does a heterophil look like?
red, rod-shaped granules
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What can heterophil granules resemble?
vacuoles
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What does a toxic heterophil look like?
- bluish cytoplasm
- vacuoles
- dark blue granules
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What does a toxic heterophil usually indicate?
a sick bird
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What does an avian eosinophil look like?
bright red round granules
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Which WBC is the most common in birds? 2nd most common?
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What does an avian basophil look like?
dark blue granules
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Are avian basophils common?
no
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Are lymphocytes common in birds?
yes
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What do avian lymphocytes look like?
- round nucleus with clumpy chromatin
- round cell
- thin rim of blue cytoplasm
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What does an avian monocyte look like?
- round to variably shaped cell
- round to variably shaped nucleus
- gray blue cytoplasm
- cytoplasmic vacuoles
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Which avian WBC is the largest in size?
monocyte
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When do we treat avian hemoparasites?
more than 3 parasitic red cells/oif
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Which blood cell are parasites most commonly seen in in birds?
RBCs
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What are the hemoparasites in RBCs?
- plasmodium
- hemoproteus
- leukocytozoan
- atoxoplasma
- trypanosomes
- microfilaria
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Which of the hemoparasites are the most common in avian blood?
- plasmodium
- hemoproteus
- leukocytozoan
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Which hemoparasite causes malaria?
plasmodium
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Which hemoparasites are rare in avian hematology?
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What causes plasmodium, hemoproteus, and leukocytozoan?
biting insects
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What does plasmodium look like?
- looks different in each RBC
- dark staining spots in cytoplasm
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What does leukocytozoan look like?
- pushes nucleus up against the side
- may hang out of cell and make the cell look like it has wings
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What does hemoproteus look like?
wraps around the neucleus and looks like a smiling cyclopse
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Where do we see atoxoplasma?
in WBC
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Is atoxoplasma dangerous?
yes, rare and deadly
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What are some extracellular parasites in avian blood?
- trypanosoma
- T. pycnonoti
- microfilaria
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Do we use automated cell counters in avian hematology?
no because of the nucleated RBCs
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What kind of manual cell counters do we use?
- Nattpette
- Avian leukopette
- eopette
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How do we do an indirect WBC count?
- count granulocytes
- use differential results to estimate monocytes and lymphocytes
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How do we set up the hemocytometer in avian hematology?
- use 25 ul well mixed blood
- load into diluent
- let sit for 5 minutes
- load both sides of hemocytometer
- let sit for 5 minutes
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The instructions on the avian leukopet tells us to let it sit for 10 minutes in the hemocytometer instead of the 5 minutes we do, why don't we let it sit for 10 minutes?
because the RBC will pick up the stain and make it harder for us to count
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How do we count using the hemocytometer?
- count all cells in all 9 primary squares on both sides
- take 10% and add it to count
- multiply by 16
- get total granulocyte count
- estimate mononuclear cells
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What are the mononuclear cells?
monocytes and lymphocytes
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How do we calculate the mononuclear cell count?
- use the differential
- put # of lymphs and monos over granulocytes (drop the %)
- multiply the fraction by the granulocyte count we got from the hemocytometer
- add granulocyte count to mononuclear cell count
- EXAMPLE:
- H - 60, E - 8, L - 27, M - 5 (12,000 granulocytes from unopette)
- 27 + 5 = 32, 60 + 8 = 68
- 32/68 x 12,000 = 5, 647 (mononuclear cells)
- 12,000 (granulocytes) + 5,647 (mononuclear cells) = 17,647
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How do we do a slide estimate?
- must have even cell distribution
- count number of leukocytes in 10 high power fields
- divide by 10
- multiply by 2,000
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Is glucose much higher in reptiles and avians than in mammals?
yes (anything under 100 is a problem)
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Is diabetes a problem in birds?
no
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What do we test in the liver for birds and reptiles?
- bile acids
- sALT
- sAST
- if these are increased then there is liver disease
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What do we test in the kidneys for avian and reptiles?
phosporous and uric acid
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If there are low levels of calcium for birds and reptiles then what do we look for?
diet problem
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Increase in protein is due to what?
dehydration
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Increase globulin is due to what?
disease
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Decrease in protein is due to what?
not eating
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What blood parasite is this
Atoxoplasma
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What WBC is this?
eosinophil
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What WBC is this?
eosinophil
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What cells are these?
RBC
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What WBC is this? What animal?
flamingo heterophil
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What kind of WBC is this? What animal is it from?
hawk basophil
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Name the WBCs from left to right. What animal?
- eosinophil
- basophil
- monocyte
- hawk
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What blood parasite is this?
Hemoproteus
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What WBC is this at the bottom?
heterophil
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Name the WBCs and animal.
- bottom: eosinophil
- top: heterophil
- Javan fish owl
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Name the WBCs. What is wrong with the RBC?
- top WBC: heterophil
- bottom 2 WBCs: basophil
- plasmodium
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Name the WBCs.
heterophils and thrombocytes
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What is the blood parasite?
Leukocytozoan
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What is the WBC in the middle? At the bottom?
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What parasite is this? What animal?
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Name the WBC. What animal?
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What blood parasite is this?
plasmodium
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What blood parasite is this?
T. pycnonoti
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Name the WBCs from left to right
- thrombocyte
- monocyte
- heterophils (2)
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What is this WBC? What is wrong with it?
toxic heterophil
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Name this blood parasite.
Trypanosoma bouffardi
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