Exam 2

The fetus becoems aware of sound during which type of auditory development? 

The ear starts to develope during which week of development? 

When does the human ear begin to function and when does the fetus start to respond to sounds outside of the womb?  

The auditory system becomes adult-like by what age?

The ear and auditory pathway receive and code sound and send it toward the brain for interpretation. 

During what auditory development does the child learn that sound has meaning and he can produce his own sound for communication?

A skill that children learn to develop and fine tune. 

During which auditory development do children use selective listening?

Differences between auditory behaviors of children and adults are observed in a ______________ setting. 

Pure tone is the stimulus used for __________. 

Broadband stimuli (speech or music) may be necessary for ______________. 

At what age may the child be ready for the "beeps" we associate with adult hearing test? 

At what age might we see the response pattern of eye widening, startle, change in or cessation of activity?

At what age might we see the response pattern of sound searching and sound localization behaviors? 

At what age might we see the response pattern of dropping a block in a bucket each time a sound is heard? Also at this age, the child will be developmentally "ready" to respond to a "beep." 

Developmental changes are also observed in the child's development of specific auditory skills which are?

The most basic level of sound awareness. It can ve the presence or absence of sound in a baby's environment. Amplification is crucial for a HH child depending upon the hearing loss.

__________ aspects of language such as rhythm, inflection, stress, prosody, and pitch that children master. 

__________ aspects of speech occur afterwards and refer to phonemes, morphemes, and syllables. 

A level during which children master suprasegmental aspects of language and segmental aspects of speech occur afterwards and refer to phonemes, morphemes, and syllables. 

A level that contains identification, auditory memory, attention, and auditory closure.

To point or label an item

An essential ingredient of the identification level.

The ability to focus on the person speaking.

The ability to fill in a missing piece of a word or message. Example, "oa-meal"

A level that deals with the understanding and interpretation of sound and its meaning. It's also critical for learing.

Assessment of Children from birth to 6 monts of age. 

Tells us whether the cochlea is healthy; sound is presented and in response the ear produces a sound and sends it back out; the response is then recorded. 

Examines the activity along the auditory nerve and brainstem pathways; electrodes are placed on the baby's skull and recordings are made of neuroelectrical activity when sound is presented.

Assessment of children from 30 months to 5 years of age.

This type of assessment is typically for children age 4-5 and above. 

The softest level that the child can recognize as speech 50% of the time. 

The percentage of speech that is understood when the speech signal is made sufficently loud for the child (clarity of speech). 

What are three types of hearing loss?

Associated with damage in the outer and/or middle ear; otitis media is a common disease of early childhood; age 6, age least one episode of otitis media and 2/3 will have recurring episodes; characterized by a decrease in loudness of sound, but clarity of speech often  remains intact.

Associated with damage to the inner ear and/or auditory nerve; genetic factors account for 50% of all cases of SN HL in children; congenital (infection, prematurity, anoxia, and RhFactor) complications; acquired category: meningitis, measles, mumps and others. 

Exists when there is damage to both the conductive and sensorineural pathways at the same time.

It is simply a hearing loss that affects one ear only; could be conductive, SN, or mixed pathology; child can function as well as a Normal Hearing child or severely impaired child

What types of interventions are for hearing loss? 

Population: The most likely conductive hearing loss in the pediatric population is that caused by otitis media; inconsistent behaviors and responses to sound; can vary day to day; can disrupt the child's ability or process language at a rapid rate

Population: May vary from borderline or minimally impaired to profoundly deaf, or fall in between; it is imperative that the child be fit with the most effective means of amplification (hearing aid or cochlear implant) and the device be worn frequently; phonology and speech intelligibility will vary tremendously 

Population: Wide range of abilities and performance; UHL puts a child at a disadvantage; some examples of areas where children may perform more poorly include lower verbal IQ; poorer speech discrimination in noise; and a variety of auditory, linguistic cognitive difficulities affecting education; 35% of children with UHL fail at least one grade in school with many needing additional resource assistance

Refers to the Deaf culture

Refers to just having a profound hearing loss

The _________ ____________ has its own culture; own language, and own accepted cultural norms.

The elements of social competence underlie the reason children develop language to communicate. 

Refers to the affective tie of infants to their parents; those who have secure generally have parents who are highly attuned and responsive to them.

Actions that are completed to achieve a specific objective in a social setting; Requesting, seeking assistance, standing in line at McDonalds to get food, asking for instructions to complete a class assignment 

It involves the desire and skills to be a good reciprocal playmate, to value others' points of view, to develop friendships, and to conduct emotion-based interactions.

Children talk to share an experience, feeling or thought with another person; infants need to sustain "intersubjectivity" or interfacing of mind with other persons

______________ drives language acquisition and ____________ intersubjectivity drives intentionality. 

Children come to recognize others' experiences of emotions; the appreciation of intersubjectivity is known as this; the more the child interacts, the more the child can learn to make appropriate inferences that are critical for appropriate _____ interaction and text ___________. 

It reflects a system that promotes the infant's tendency to use respond to eye contact, facial affect, vocal behavior, and body posture in interactions with caregivers; it is from 0-6 months 

Involves conscious awareness of both self and others as sharing an experience; it is from 6-18 months

It involves the integration of information about self-experience of an object or event with information about how others experience the same object or event; infancy of this predicts childhood cognitive and language outcomes and individual differences in social interactive competence in typically developing childen at risk children and children with autism; there are several types of this that develop in the 3-18 month period of infancy.

What are the three types of joint attention?

Infant follows direction of gaze, head turn, and/or point gesture of another peron; primary subjectivity

Infant uses eye contact and/or deictic gestures to spontaneously initiate coordinated attention with a social partner; secondary subjectivity

Infant uses eye contact and gestures to initiate attention coordination with another person to elicit aid in obtaining an object or event; secondary subjectivity

Social-emotional development in joint attention triggers language and then language becomes the medium through which children further develop social-emotional cognition; better understanding of their social world and acquisition of their culture

Infants are born with processes that enable them to perceive people as being similar to themselves; it is based on affective awareness (APS) 

Infant engagement tools are based on affective awareness (APS) which has three components that are?

The how of the behavior or behavioral style

Involve changes in mood, activity level adaptability to changes in routine.

What are the three behavioral labels?

Behavioral label: regular overall pattern; accept new experiences readily, exhibit mild reactions to discomfort, and make smooth adjustments to changes in routine 

Behavioral label: tend to withdraw from new experiences; gradually adapt, but need to be handled sensitively in the process

Behavioral label: easily distressed; express their likes and much more often their dislikes in no uncertain terms; they react forcefully and negatively to even minor changes in routine; difficult for even the caregivers to predict the behaviors of these children 

What are the different types of attachment?

Type of attachment: protest mother's departure 

Type of attachment: no distress of mother's departure, willingness to explore toys

Type of attachment: sadness on mother's departure and on return show some anger 

Type of attachment: no clear strategy for responding to their caregivers 

Use a variety of behaviors to engage and maintain the interest of infants such as exaggerated facial expressions 

Cultures differ in their child rearing practices 

What are two types of development when communicating with others? 

How the expression of communicative intent changes with development; referencing and requesting

What are some ways to express communicative intent changes with vertical development?

What are three types of requests with vertical development?

What is an example of a direct request?

What is an example of an indirect request? 

What is an example of a nonconventional request? 

Broadens the number of different communicative intents from: 

instrumental/regulatory to instrumental/regulartory/greeting to instrumental/regulatory/greeting/labeling, etc. 

55% of children are able to recognize and name basic emotions such as happy, sad, afraid, angry using pictures of facial expressions by what ages?

75% of children can recognize and name basic emotions such as happy, sad, afraid, angry using pictures of facial expressions by what age?

Majority of children understand a person's beliefs that lead to an emotional reaction (snake) by what age?

Children believe that a person can have multiple or contradictory emotions (roller coaster) by what age? 

All children understand that there could be repercussions if a lies is told by what age? 

Ways in which internal emotional states are brought into communication within infant-caregiver interactions 

Individual alters his state to that of the other member of the dyad 

What are the factors affecting social-emotional aspects of communication? 

What are the steps for assessing social-emotional bases for communication? 

What are we looking for with recognition of emotion when assessing theory of mind and emotion understanding? 

What are the explicit false beliefs when assessing theory of mind and emotion understanding? 

What are the philosophies of intervention for social communicative deficits? 

What is an example of establishing interactional functions?

What is an example of establishing a clear intentional signaling system?

What is an example of developing socially appropriate and conventionalized signals? 

What is an example of increasing the variety and frequency of communicative intentions?

It is inherent to the act of speaking; can convey meaning or simply accompany the forward flow of speech; manual, facial, or other bodily movements; not random movements; convey meaning of what the individual knows; a rich source of information for the child as speaker and listener 

True or False: Children gesture regardless of their cultural background or language that they speak.
True False

True or False: Blind speakers gesture to blind listeners, even though they haven't seen their parents model these gestures.
True False

What are the types of gestures? 

To request or draw attention to a referent; some examples may be showing, giving, pointing, and ritualized requests such as reaching

They are iconic and convey some aspect of the referent's meaning so they could be understood when they are produced without the reference in sight; some examples are clawing motion of a bear and index finger pointing to the ceiling and twirling around to indicate fan