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clinical writing
documenting what happens in a client session
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evidence based practice
- goes beyond just this field
- started in UK
- know how to read and grade the literature
- applying what the literature says to your practice
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clinical questions
- dont have to know the answer
- always asking questions when in the clinic
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results
- the literature tends to publish only positive results
- negative results can also be beneficial
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SOAP
- subjective: observation
- objective: what happened in the session
- assessment: how did the client do?; "your impression"
- plan: what's next?
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What are the components of a research paper?
- abstract
- introduction
- method
- results
- discussion
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how to formulate your own question
- pick a subject of interest
- do some reading on the topic; pay attention to the end of the discussion section
- find out what the issues/controversies are on your topic
- what has been left out/not addressed?
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the format of the best research questions
- quantitative question
- ex: Does treatment X result in more word production that treatment Y?
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FINER (characteristics of a research question)
- feasible: research must be possible
- interesting: will vary by person
- novel: there needs to be a next step in some topic
- ethical: moral
- relevant: related to CDIS
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independent variable
the variable that gets manipulated
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dependent variable
usually what gets measured as a result of the independent variable
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clinical questions
- good clinicians are always forming hypotheses
- ex: what is the next step in therapy?
- ex: what test should we use with her?
- ex: why did Johnny do so well in therapy today?
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where to find the independent and dependent variable of a study
most questions give you a clue as to what the variables are
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null hypothesis
- there will be no difference
- goal of the investigator is to reject null hypothesis
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basic/bench research
often physiologically base in a laboratory with animals
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clinical research
with humans outside of the laboratory
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descriptive research
- systematic observations that may not be manipulating a variable
- may lead to more controlled, experimental type of research
- ex: critical review (systematic review, or meta-analysis)
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experimental research
manipulates an independent variable while holding other variables constant
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types of study design
- effectiveness research
- efficacy research
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effectiveness research
- take a group or individual and see if the variable you manipulated changed them in some way
- "the real world"
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efficacy research
- have an experimental and a control group with strict controls on the design
- "the unreal world"
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individual vs. group studies
- individual studies
- - easier to control
- - results hard to generalize to the population
- group studies
- - the larger the sample, the better the change of getting an estimate of the population
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population
- all of the persons with a certain characteristic
- use samples of the population for research
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normal distribution curve
- bell shaped curve
- represents sample/population
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ways of gathering data
- retrospective research
- prospective research
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retrospective research
- gather data on variables of interest, and analyze it after it has aready been collected
- may have missing data or incomplete data
- may try to look for something that is not there
- quick and easy
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prospective research
- set the variables of interest, collect the data, and analyze it
- complete data, therefore results more believable
- takes time
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