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Citizenship
the character of an individual viewed as a member of society
behavior in terms of the duties, obligations and functions of a citizen
personal standards
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Culture
abstract patterns of nad for living and dying, which are learned directly or indirectly
the rules, ideas, and beliefs that are shared by members of society
personal standards
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Ethics
the branch of philosphy concerned with the intent, means, and consequences of moral behavior
the study of moral judgements and right and wrong conduct
the focus is on those situations in which there is a choice of behavior involving human values
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Ethos
referring to a peasents fundamental orientation toward life
"inner character"
greek
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Golden Rule
a rule of ethical conduct found in some form in most major religions
"do unto others as you would have them do unto you"
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Honesty
having a sense of honor
upright and fair dealing
professional standards
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Integrity
fidelity to moral principles
professional standards
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Laws
man-made rules and regulations that govern society
concerned with acts AND conduct
concerned with the interest of society
"externally" imposed
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Moral
synonymous with ethical
the customs, values, and standards of practice of a group, age, or theory intended to be timeless
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Motives
something, as a reason or desire, acting as a spur to action
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Non-theistic
a philosphy that does not focus on the worship of a god or gods
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Philosophy
the set of values, ideas, and opinions of an individual group
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Religion
- a culturally entrenched pattern of behavior made up of:
- sacred beliefs
- emotional feelings accompanying those beliefs
- overt conduct presumably implementing the beliefs and
- feelings
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Secular
being separate from religion
non-religious
non-theistic
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Theism
a philosophy that focuses on belief in a god of gods
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Values
beliefs that are held in high esteem
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A stage of moral development in which an individual considers universal moral principles that supercede the authority of a group.
post-conventional
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A stage of moral development in which moral reasoning is based on reward and punishment from those in authority.
pre-conventional
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A stage of moral development in which the expectations of the social group are supported and maintained.
conventional
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A stage of moral development in which the individual is characterized as not understanding the rules or feeling a sense of obligation to them.
Stage 1: punishment orientation
pre-conventional
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In what stage of Kohlberg’s theory are actions evaluated in terms of possible punishment?
Stage 1: punishment orientation
pre-conventional
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In what stage of Kohlberg’s theory does an individual always defer to what provides for the “greater good”?
stage 5: social-contract orientation
post-conventional
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In what stage of Kohlberg’s theory does an individual begin to internalize parental/societal values?
stage 3: good boy/good girl orientation
conventional
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In what stage of Kohlberg’s theory does an individual consider the laws and rules of society along with their own self-chosen standards of justice and respect for human dignity?
stage 6: morality of individual principles
post-conventional
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In what stage of Kohlberg’s theory does an individual feel the need to do one’s “duty”?
stage 4: authority orientation
conventional
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In what stage of Kohlberg’s theory does an individual think in terms of rights of others, the general welfare of the community, and a duty to conform to the laws and standards established by the will of the majority?
stage 5: social-contract orientation
post-conventional
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In what stage of Kohlberg’s theory is an individual’s behavior directed by self-chosen ethical principles that tend to be general, comprehensive or universal?
stage 6: morality of individual principles
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In what stage of Kohlberg’s theory is good behavior considered that which pleases others in the immediate group?
stage 3: good boy/good girl orientation
conventional
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In what stage of Kohlberg’s theory is high value placed on justice, dignity and equality?
stage 6: morality of individual principles
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In what stage of Kohlberg’s theory is the concern about others only in regards to what benefits an individual can gain?
stage 2: pleasure-seeking orientation
pre-conventional
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In what stage of Kohlberg’s theory is the emphasis on being nice?
stage 3: goodboy/good girl orientation
conventional
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In what stage of Kohlberg’s theory is the emphasis on upholding law, order, and authority?
stage 4: authority orientation
conventional
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In what stage of Kohlberg’s theory is there flexibility in the interpretation and application of rules?
stage 5: social-contract orientation
post-conventional
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In what stage of Kohlberg’s theory is there no internalization of values?
stage 2: pleasure-seeking orientation
pre-conventional
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In what stage of Kohlberg’s theory will an individual defer to the power of others and obey rules to avoid trouble?
stage 1: punishment orientation
pre-conventional
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Know the four personal standards that are used to comprise individual ethics.
culture
theistic or non-theistic values
citizenship
family relationships
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Know the four professional standards that are used to comprise individual ethics.
service to community
welfare of the profession
honesty
integrity
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Know the important points of Carol Gilligan’s theory on moral development in women?
base moral judgements on considerations of caring
look for solutions that serve to maintain relationships
seek caring solutions that consider the needs of both sides
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Know the names of each stage of Kohlberg’s theory and what number stage each is.
- stage 1: punishment orientation
- stage 2: pleasure-seeking orientation
- stage 3: good boy/good girl orientation
- stage 4: authority orientation
- stage 5: social-contract orientation
- stage 6: morality of individual principles
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Know what two stages define each level of Kohlberg’s theory.
Punishment orientation and Pleasure-seeking orientation define the pre-conventional level.
Good boy/Good girl orientation and Authority orientation define the conventional level
Social-contract orientation and Morality of Individual Principles define post-conventional level
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Law or Ethics – which applies to the following statement?: Concerned with acts and conduct.
law
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Law or Ethics – which applies to the following statement?: Concerned with the interest of society.
law
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Law or Ethics – which applies to the following statement?: Concerned with the values relation to human conduct.
ethics
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Law or Ethics – which applies to the following statement?: Concerned with the motives for and attitudes toward conduct.
ethics
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Law or Ethics – which applies to the following statement?: Concerned with the interest of society AND of the individual.
ethics
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Law or Ethics – which applies to the following statement?: Externally imposed.
law
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Law or Ethics – which applies to the following statement?: Internally imposed.
ethics
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Law or Ethics – which applies to the following statement?: Man-made rules and regulations to govern society.
law
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The punishment orientation stage of Kohlberg’s theory was once known as what?
premoral level
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The statement “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you” is known as what?
the golden rule
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The study of moral judgments and right and wrong conduct is what?
ethics
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What are prescriptions for moral behavior based on?
the golden rule
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What are the two shared goals of laws and ethics?
the regulation of behavior
the protection of society
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What did Aristotle believe separated humans from other creatures?
rationality
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What is an imperfect instrument for a guide to ethical behavior?
law
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What is considered to be the “ethical ideal”?
ethics of "moderation"
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What is the development of secular ethics based on?
a scientific understanding of the world
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What stage of Kohlberg’s theory is sometimes considered a theoretical stage?
stage 6: morality of individual principles
post-conventional
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What stage of Kohlberg’s theory was once known as the “premoral” level?
stage 1: punishment orientation
pre-conventional level
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What three things make up the pattern of behavior seen in religion?
sacred beliefs
emotional feelings accompnying the beliefs
overt conduct presumbly implementing the beliefs and feelings
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What type of ethics did Aristotle teach?
ethics of "moderation"
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When an individual seeks to satisfy their own needs by behaving in a manner that will gain rewards and the return of favors, they are in what stage of Kohlberg’s theory?
stage 2: pleasure-seeking orientation
pre-conventional
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Where is most ethics rooted?
religion
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Who was the most influential philosopher shaping secular ethics?
Aristotle
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