strength and conditioning

is a genetic factor contributing to strenght tha tdoes not change with training

the force applied by an individual to an ovjedt with the intent to accelerate, deccelerate, stopl maintain, or change the direction of the object

produced in response to the action. third law of motion, for ever action there is an equal and opposite reaction. the reactive force is equal and opposite of the action force

the ground supplies an equal and opposite force in response to a force applied to the ground by the athlete during locomotion. the ground reation force enables the athlete to run

• act to oppose relative motion of these two surfaces 
• friction causes stability at the point of contactand prevents one object from sliding past the other

• the maximum frictional force is the product of the reactive force and a quantiy 
• the numerical representation of the two contact surfaces
• chalk increases this friction

• acts between two objects not moving relative to each other where there is sufficient stability between the contact surfaces
• static friction between a players feet and ground plays a role in shoe desine

• acts between two surfaces moving relative to each other, resulting in sliding
• ice 

the pressure developed within the abdominal cavity during contraction of deep trunk muscles and the diaphragm

the magnitude of the signal is is critical in dtermining the final output , wgich could be teh expression of muscular strenght and power 

agonist muslce recruitment, firing rat, and the timing pattern of discharge during high intensity muscular contractions

consits of brain and spinal cord

• snensory 
• motor
• 31 pairs of spinal nerves exist and exit on the posterior sensory and aniterior motor root of the spinal cord

detects various stimulu and conveys this infomation afferently to cns

• somatic 
• autonomic 

conveys infromation from the cns efferently(away from the cns) to the skeletal muscle ultimately leading to muscle contraction and fatigue

consist of nerves conveying efferent information to smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and other glands , tissues, and organs

• parasympathetic 
• sympathetic nervous system
• both preparing the body for the stress of exercise and retuning the body back to normal resting conditions

decrease excitment

excitement increase in the heart rate

are the actual nerve cells with the ability to conmmunicate with other tissues and nerves.

play key stability roles troughout the cns

• unipolar 
• multipolar

receive input from other nerve cells

• protein snthesis
• transport
• energy metabolism
• packaging and plays the critical role in integratin stimuli from other neurons from within the cns to determine if and how much stimuli will make its way to skeletal muscle

are long processes that are reponsible for communicationg with target tissuess

is the area where the action potential is initiated once the critical threshold is reaxhed

fatty tissue wrapped around the axons wichi greatly increases the speed of transmission.

the end of the axon branches 

• ion movement down axon at nodes of ranvier
• sodium and potassium

• integration
• propagation
• neurotransmitter release

• medulla oblongata 
• midbrain
• pons
• and reticular fromation

• thalamus
• gypothalamus
• pineal body
• epithalamus

are large collection of axons linking the cerbral cortex to the spinal cord

neurons in the brain  forming synapses with other nerves that eventually make their way down the spinal cord to the exact anterior root of exit for innervation of skeletal muscle

thee vouluntary activation of motor units during effort

the size principle

• states the motor units are recruited in succession from smaller slow twitch to largere fast twitch units based on each acivation threshold and firing rate. 
• small units are recruited first for mor intricate control 
• larger units are recruited later to supplu substantial force for high intesnsity contractions
• 84-90% of motor units are recruited here

activation threshold

progressive overload

increasing firing rates

recruitment

anaerobic

• occurs when two or more motor units fire at fixed time intervals
• may be advantageous for burst of strenght or powr needed in a short period of time
• greater motor synchronization has been shown after rt

• during movement increases join stability, movement coordination, and reduces the risk of injury
• can be counterproductive because it may counteract the effects of agonist muscles

• muscle group
• velocity and type of muscle axtion
• intensity
• joint position
• and injury status 

acetycholine

• the nerve terminal
• space 
• and muscle fiber membrane

• golgi tendon organs
• muscle spindles

• located at the muscle tendon junction
• primary role is to convey information regarding muscle tension to the cns. 
• as muscle tension increase  so does the amount of stretch to the gtos
• once a threshold level of tension is attained, gto activity increases greatly and it response is to cause agonist muscle relaxation and anagonist muscle excitation
• body defense mechanism to protect the body form excessive damage

• proprioceptors located within muscle fibers
• consits of two chains nuclear chain and nuclear bag
• respond to the magnitude of change in muscle length, the rate of change of length, and convey information to the cns regarding static changes in muscle lenght or joint angle
• enhance human performance
• initiate the stretch reflex

• monosynaptic reflex- a snseory nerve directly synapses with motor nerve in spinal cord
• where muscle force production is enhanced when the muscle is previoulsy stretched

• quantifies the level of electrical activity to a skeletal muscle
• reflects greater neural activation
• increased recruitment, rate, synchronization, golgi tendon inhibition  cannot be determinded 

muscle fibers are capable of providing more tension

• the intensity is high 
• the lifiting velocity is fast 
• and con muscle actions is used

• strength and endurance gained in the nontrained limb during unilateral training.
• the strength increase is accompanied by greater emg activity in the trained and nontrained limbs.
• edurance may increase in the untrained limb as well

may be useful in improving functional performance and very useful for injured individuals because partial training effect may be gained by the inhured limb during tim of immobilization or greatly reduced activity

the maximal force produced by both limbs contractin bilaterally in smaller than the sum of the limbs contracting unilaterally