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embryo:
- Second stage
- 2 wks- 2 mos
- stage which birth defects have their origin
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fetal:
- Third and final stage
- 2 mos+
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Stage Theories:
there are distinct phases to intellectual and personality development
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Continuity theories:
development is continuous
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Teratogens:
agents (such as chemicals or viruses) that can reach the embryo during prenatal development and casue harm
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS):
- physical and cognitive abnormalities in children cause by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking
- symptoms include misproportioned head
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Rooting:
infant reflex when their cheek is touched, they turn their head and open their mouth in that direction
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Grasping:
infant reflex when they curl their fingers around an object
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Stepping Reflex:
infant reflex where they step when being held up and their feet touch a surface
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Moro:
infant reflex where they throw their arms out, arch the back, and bring the arms together as if to hold on to something when the head's position is changed
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Babinski:
infant reflex when they fan and curl their toes when the foot is stroked
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Habituation:
decreased responsiveness with repeated stimulation
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Maturation:
- biological growth process that enables orderly changes in behavior
- relatively uninfluenced by experience
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Infantile Amnesia:
why children and adults can't remember the first few months of life
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Motor Development:
refers to the acquisition of abilities such as grasping, walking, skipping, and balancing
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Developmental Norms:
timetable during infancy that helps doctors record motor development and spot possible problems
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Jean Piaget:
- created Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
- believed humans developed deliberate cognitive representations of their environment, which they could then manipulate
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Cognition:
all the mental activities associated with thinking, remembering, and communicating
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Schema:
a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
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Assimilation:
interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas
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Accomodation:
- changing one's understandings (schemas) to incorporate new info or experiences
- ex: babies do this
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Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development:
- 1. Sensorimotor
- 2. Preoperational
- 3. Concrete Operational
- 4. Formal Operational
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Sensorimotor:
- Age: Birth- nearly 2 yrs
- Description: experiencing the world through senses and actions
- Developmental Phenomena: object permanence, stranger anxiety
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Preoperational:
- Age: 2-6 yrs
- Description: Representing things with words and images but lacking logical reasoning
- Developmental Phenomena: Pretend play, egocentrism, Language development
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Concrete Operational:
- Age: 7-11 yrs
- Description: Thinking logically about concrete events, grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations
- Developmental Phenomena: Conservation, mathematical tansformations
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Formal Operational:
- Age: 12 through adulthood
- Description: Abstract reasoning
- Developmental Phenomena: Abstract logic, potential for moral reasoning
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Object Permanence:
- the awareness that things continue to exist even when they are not perceivable.
- ex: a blanket is placed over a toy, and the child picks up the blanket to get the toy
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Baby Mathematics:
Shown a numerically impossible outcome, infants stare longer
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Stranger Anxiety:
fear of strangers that infants commonly display beginning by about 8 months of age
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Egocentricism:
the inability of the preoperational child to take another's point of view
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Conservation:
- the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in forms of objects
- 3 types: Length, number, and substance
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Theory of Mind:
people's ideas about their own and others' mental states- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict
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Autism:
- A disorder that appears in childhood
- marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of other's states of mind
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Critique of Piaget's Theory
- Underestimates children’s abilities
- Overestimates age differences in thinking
- Vagueness about the process of change
- Underestimates the role of the social environment
- Lack of evidence for qualitatively different stages
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Attachment:
Who studied it:
- an emotional tie with another person
- shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and displaying distress on separation
Mary Ainsworth
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Seperation Anxiety:
Emotional distress seen in many infants when separated from people with whom they have formed attachments.
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Critical Period:
an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
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Imprinting:
the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life
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Children's Temperaments:
- Easy—adaptable, positive mood, regular habits
- Slow to warm up—low activity, somewhat slow to adapt, generally withdraw from new situations
- Difficult—intense emotions, irritable, cry frequently
- Average—unable to classify (1/3 of all children)
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Forms of Attachment:
- 1.Securely attached: explores when mom present, upset and explores less when not present, shows pleasure when returns
- 2.Insecurely attached: less likely to explore when mom present and may even cling to mom, cry loudly and remain upset when mom leaves and seem indifferent when she returns
- 3.Avoidantly attached: child avoids mother and acts coldly to her when she returns
- 4.Anxious resistant attachment: child remains close to mom and remains distressed despite her attempts to comfort
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Parenting Styles:
- 1. Authoritarian
- 2.Permissive
- 3.Authoritative
- 4. Rejecting-Neglecting
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Authoritarian:
- strict, impose rules and expect obedience
- why? because i said so
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Permissive:
- opposite of authoritarian
- make few demands, use little punishment
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Authoritative:
- both demanding and responsive
- set rules, explain reasons and encourage open discussion
- what most parents aim for
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Rejecting-neglecting:
- uninvolved
- expect little invest little
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Adolescence:
the transition period from childhood to adulthood
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Puberty:
the period of sexual maturation when a person becomes capable of reproduction
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Primary Sex Characteristics:
- body structures that make sexual reproduction possible
- ovaries--female
- testes--male
- external genitalia
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Secondary Sex Characteristics:
- nonreproductive sexual characteristics
- female--breast and hips
- male--voice quality and body hair
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Menarche:
first menstrual period
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Early Maturation Changes:
- Boys: high self esteem, satisfied with physical appearance
- Girls: low self esteem, dissatisfied with physical appearance, very self-conscious
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Late Maturation Changes:
- Boys: low self esteem, dissatisfied with physical appearance, very self-conscious
- Girls: high self esteem, satisfied with physical appearance
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Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development:
- assesses moral reasoning by posing hypothetical moral dilemmas and examining the reasoning behind people's answers
- six stages
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Kohlberg's Moral Ladder Levels (3):
- 1. Preconventional Level (younger than 6)
- 2. Conventional Level (7 to 11)
- 3. Postconventional Level (11+)
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Preconventional Level:
- Morality of self-interest: to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards
- Stages 1-2:
- 1. Punishment and obedience orientation. Obey rules to avoid punishment.
- 2. Naive hedonism. Conforms to get rewards and to have favors returned.
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Conventional Level:
- Morality of law and social rules: to gain approval or avoid disapproval
- Stages 3-4:
- 3. Good boy/girl morality. Conforms to avoid disapproval or dislike by others.
- 4. Conforms to avoid censure by authorities.
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Postconventional Level:
- Morality of abstract principles: to affirm agreed-upon rights and personal ethical principles
- Stages 5-6:
- 5. Conforms to maintain communities. Emphasis on individual rights.
- 6. Individual purposes of conscience.
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Erik Erikson:
created Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development (8 stages)
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8 stages of Erikson's Psychosocial Development (first 4):
- 1. Trust vs Mistrust
- 2. Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
- 3. Initiative vs Guilt
- 4. Competance vs Inferiority
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8 stages of Erikson's Psychosocial Development (last 4):
- 5. Identity vs Role Confusion
- 6. Intimact vs Isolation
- 7. Generativity vs Stagnation
- 8. Integrity vs Despair
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1. Trust vs Mistrust
- Age: Infancy (1st year)
- Description of Task: If needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust.
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2. Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
- Age: Toddler (2nd year)
- Description: Toddlers learn to exercise will and do things for themselves, or they will doubt their abilities.
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3. Initiative vs Guilt
- Age: Preschooler (3-5)
- Description: Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent.
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4. Competence vs Inferiority
- Age: Elementary (6 years- puberty)
- Description: Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior.
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5. Identity vs Role Confusion
- Age: Teens into 20's
- Description: Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are.
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6. Intimacy vs Isolation
- Age: 20's to 40's
- Description: Young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated.
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7. Generativity vs Stagnation
- Age: 40's to 60's
- Description: The middle-aged discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose
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8. Integrity vs Despair
- Age: Late 60's and up
- Description: When reflecting on his or her life, the older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure.
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Identity:
One's sense of self
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Generativity:
being productive and supporting future generations
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Intimacy:
the ability to form close, loving relationships
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Crystallized Intelligence:
- one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills
- increases with age
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Fluid intelligence:
- one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly
- decreases during late adulthood
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Social clock:
- the culturally preferred timing of social events
- ex: marriage, parenthood, retirement
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Two aspects that Erikson says dominate adulthood:
Intimacy and Generativity
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Kubler-Ross:
made the Stages of Dying
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Stages of Dying:
- 1. Denial
- 2. Anger
- 3. Bargaining [with God]
- 4. Depression
- 5. Acceptance of Death
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