AP Psych Development Test

• First stage
• 0-2 weeks

• Second stage
• 2 wks- 2 mos
• stage which birth defects have their origin

• Third and final stage
• 2 mos+

• Stage
• Continuity

there are distinct phases to intellectual and personality development

development is continuous

agents (such as chemicals or viruses) that can reach the embryo during prenatal development and casue harm

• physical and cognitive abnormalities in children cause by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking
• symptoms include misproportioned head

infant reflex when their cheek is touched, they turn their head and open their mouth in that direction

infant reflex when they curl their fingers around an object

infant reflex where they step when being held up and their feet touch a surface

infant reflex where they throw their arms out, arch the back, and bring the arms together as if to hold on to something when the head's position is changed

infant reflex when they fan and curl their toes when the foot is stroked

decreased responsiveness with repeated stimulation

• biological growth process that enables orderly changes in behavior
• relatively uninfluenced by experience

why children and adults can't remember the first few months of life

refers to the acquisition of abilities such as grasping, walking, skipping, and balancing

timetable during infancy that helps doctors record motor development and spot possible problems

• created Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
• believed humans developed deliberate cognitive representations of their environment, which they could then manipulate

all the mental activities associated with thinking, remembering, and communicating

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas

• changing one's understandings (schemas) to incorporate new info or experiences
• ex: babies do this

• 1. Sensorimotor
• 2. Preoperational
• 3. Concrete Operational
• 4. Formal Operational 

• Age: Birth- nearly 2 yrs
• Description: experiencing the world through senses and actions
• Developmental Phenomena: object permanence, stranger anxiety

• Age: 2-6 yrs
• Description: Representing things with words and images but lacking logical reasoning
• Developmental Phenomena: Pretend play, egocentrism, Language development

• Age: 7-11 yrs
• Description: Thinking logically about concrete events, grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations
• Developmental Phenomena: Conservation, mathematical tansformations

• Age: 12 through adulthood
• Description: Abstract reasoning
• Developmental Phenomena: Abstract logic, potential for moral reasoning

• the awareness that things continue to exist even when they are not perceivable.
• ex: a blanket is placed over a toy, and the child picks up the blanket to get the toy

Shown a numerically impossible outcome, infants stare longer

fear of strangers that infants commonly display beginning by about 8 months of age

the inability of the preoperational child to take another's point of view

• the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in forms of objects
• 3 types: Length, number, and substance

people's ideas about their own and others' mental states- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict

• A disorder that appears in childhood
• marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of other's states of mind

• Underestimates children’s abilities
• Overestimates age differences in thinking
• Vagueness about the process of change
• Underestimates the role of the social environment
• Lack of evidence for qualitatively different stages

• an emotional tie with another person
• shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and displaying distress on separation

Mary Ainsworth

Emotional distress seen in many infants when separated from people with whom they have formed attachments.

an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life

• Easy—adaptable, positive mood, regular habits
• Slow to warm up—low activity, somewhat slow to adapt, generally withdraw from new situations
• Difficult—intense emotions, irritable, cry frequently
• Average—unable to classify (1/3 of all children)

• 1.Securely attached: explores when mom present, upset and explores less when not present, shows pleasure when returns
• 2.Insecurely attached: less likely to explore when mom present and may even cling to mom, cry loudly and remain upset when mom leaves and seem indifferent when she returns
• 3.Avoidantly attached: child avoids mother and acts coldly to her when she returns
• 4.Anxious resistant attachment: child remains close to mom and remains distressed despite her attempts to comfort

• 1. Authoritarian
• 2.Permissive
• 3.Authoritative
• 4. Rejecting-Neglecting

• strict, impose rules and expect obedience
• why? because i said so

• opposite of authoritarian
• make few demands, use little punishment

• both demanding and responsive
• set rules, explain reasons and encourage open discussion
• what most parents aim for

• uninvolved 
• expect little invest little

the transition period from childhood to adulthood

the period of sexual maturation when a person becomes capable of reproduction

• body structures that make sexual reproduction possible
• ovaries--female
• testes--male
• external genitalia

• nonreproductive sexual characteristics
• female--breast and hips
• male--voice quality and body hair

first menstrual period

• Boys: high self esteem, satisfied with physical appearance
• Girls: low self esteem, dissatisfied with physical appearance, very self-conscious

• Boys: low self esteem, dissatisfied with physical appearance, very self-conscious
• Girls: high self esteem, satisfied with physical appearance

• assesses moral reasoning by posing hypothetical moral dilemmas and examining the reasoning behind people's answers
• six stages

• 1. Preconventional Level (younger than 6)
• 2. Conventional Level (7 to 11)
• 3. Postconventional Level (11+)

• Morality of self-interest: to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards
• Stages 1-2: 
• 1. Punishment and obedience orientation. Obey rules to avoid punishment.
• 2. Naive hedonism. Conforms to get rewards and to have favors returned.

• Morality of law and social rules: to gain approval or avoid disapproval
• Stages 3-4:
• 3. Good boy/girl morality. Conforms to avoid disapproval or dislike by others.
• 4. Conforms to avoid censure by authorities.

• Morality of abstract principles: to affirm agreed-upon rights and personal ethical principles
• Stages 5-6:
• 5. Conforms to maintain communities. Emphasis on individual rights. 
• 6. Individual purposes of conscience.

created Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development (8 stages)

• 1. Trust vs Mistrust
• 2. Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
• 3. Initiative vs Guilt
• 4. Competance vs Inferiority

• 5. Identity vs Role Confusion
• 6. Intimact vs Isolation
• 7. Generativity vs Stagnation
• 8. Integrity vs Despair

• Age: Infancy (1st year)
• Description of Task: If needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust.

• Age: Toddler (2nd year)
• Description: Toddlers learn to exercise will and do things for themselves, or they will doubt their abilities.

• Age: Preschooler (3-5)
• Description:  Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent.

• Age: Elementary (6 years- puberty)
• Description:  Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior.

• Age: Teens into 20's
• Description: Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are.

• Age: 20's to 40's
• Description:  Young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated.

• Age: 40's to 60's
• Description: The middle-aged discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose

• Age: Late 60's and up
• Description:  When reflecting on his or her life, the older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure.

One's sense of self

being productive and supporting future generations

the ability to form close, loving relationships

• one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills
• increases with age

• one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly
• decreases during late adulthood

• the culturally preferred timing of social events
• ex: marriage, parenthood, retirement

Intimacy and Generativity

made the Stages of Dying

• 1. Denial
• 2. Anger
• 3. Bargaining [with God]
• 4. Depression
• 5. Acceptance of Death