Circulation, gas exchange, and immunity

the process of the exchange of air between the lungs and the environment, including inspiration and expiration

the membrane where the diffusion of oxygen and other gases occurs between the living cells of the body and the external environment (the atmosphere or water)

all processes involved in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between cells and the environment, including breathing, gas exchange, and cellular respiration

the windpipe

tiny hairlike structures found on some cells that sweep away foreign debris

the structure that covers the glottis (opening of the trachea) during swallowing

the voice box

the passage from the trachea to the left and right lung

the smallest passageways of the respiratory tract

sacs of the lung in which gas exchange occurs

a thin membrane that surrounds the outer surface of the lungs and lines the inner wall of the chest cavity

a sheet of muscle that separates the organs of the thoracic cavity from those of the abdominal cavity

a muscle that raises and lowers the rib cage

the cells of the body obtain energy through oxidation

air enters the respiratory system through the nose or mouth, then it enters the pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and the bronchioles and alveoli in the lungs

gases diffuse between air and blood according to concentration gradients. Oxygen moves into the alveoli and carbon dioxide moves out of the alveoli

the difference in pressure between the atmosphere and the thoracic cavity

the diaphragm

intercostal muscles

the intercostal muscles contract, the diaphragm flattens and pulls downwards, the rib cage pulls outward, chest volume increases, pressure in lungs decreases, and air moves into the lungs

the intercostal muscles relax, the diaphragm becomes dome shaped, the rib cage falls, chest volume decreases, pressure in the lungs increases, and air moves out of the lungs

the oxygen-carrying molecule in red blood cells

the hemoglobin that is bound to oxygen

an enzyme found in red blood cells that speeds the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid

a substance capable of neutralizing acids and bases, this maintaining the original pH of the solution

an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure

highest in the atmosphere and lowest in the veins and tissues

alveoli and then into the blood

oxyhemoglobin

dissociate and oxygen diffuses into the tissues

the highest in the tissues and veins and lowest in the atmosphere

• carbon dioxide+water+plasma=carbonic acid
• this decreases the carbon dioxide concentration in the blood, ensuring that carbon dioxide continues to diffuse into the blood

HCO-3 and H+

release oxygen and act as a buffer

form carbon dioxide and water

blood into alveoli

through exhalation

chemical receptors detect a change in gas levels and send a message to increase or decrease breathing rate

a specialized nerve receptor that is sensitive to specific chemicals

an inflammation of the bronchial tubes

a respiratory disorder characterized by an overinflation of the alveoli

a respiratory disorder characterized by reversible narrowing of the bronchial passages

the medulla and by chemoreceptors in the carotid artery and the aorta

decrease oxygen delivery to the tissues. healthy lungs are much more efficient at gas exchange than unhealthy lungs are

reduce the surface area for diffusion

the involuntary muscle of the heart

the involuntary muscle found in the lining if many organs

the voluntary muscle that makes the bones of the skeleton move

a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

change in the diameter of the arteries following heart contractions

the part of the nervous system that controls the motor nerves that regulate equilibrium and that us not under conscious control

the narrowing of blood vessels, allowing less blood to the tissues

the widening of blood vessels, allowing more blood to the tissues

a degeneration of blood vessels caused by the accumulation of fat deposits in the inner wall

a group of disorders that cause the blood vessels to thicken, harden, and lose their elasticity

a bulge in the weakened wall of a blood vessel, usually an artery

arteries

a blood vessel that carries blood towards the heart

capillaries

arteries

one-way valves and skeletal muscles

a wall of muscle that separates the right and left sides of the heart

the system of blood vessels that carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood back to the heart

the system of blood vessels that carries oxygenated blood to the tissues of the body and deoxygenated blood back to the heart

a thin-walled chamber of the heart that receives blood from veins

a muscle, thick walled chamber of the heart that delivers blood to the arteries

a heart valve that prevents the backflow of blood from a ventrical into an atrium

a valve that prevents the backflow of blood from an artery into a ventricle

the largest artery in the body; carries oxygenated blood to the tissues

an artery that supplies the cardiac muscle with oxygen and nutrients

muscle that contracts without external nerve stimulation

a small mass of tissue in the right atrium that originates the impulses stimulating the heartbeat

a small mass of tissue in the right atrioventricular region through which impulses from the sinoatrial node are passed to the ventricles

a nerve fibre that branches and carries electrical impulses throughout the ventricles

a division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for stress

a division of the autonomic nervous system that returns the body to normal resting levels following adjustments to stress

relaxation (dilation) of the heart, during which the atria fill with blood

contraction of the heart, during which blood is pushed out of the heart

the AV valves and semilunar valves closing in turn as blood is pushed from the atria through the ventricles and out of the heart. If the valves do not close completely, the heart compensates by beating faster and pumping blood with more force

the amount of blood pumped from the heart each minute

the quantity of blood pumped with each beat of the heart

a device used to measure blood pressure

a region of a vertebrate's brain responsible for coordinating many nerve and hormone functions

maintenance of body temperature within a range that enables cells to function efficiently

the force of blood on the walls of the arteries. It is measured as systolic and diastolic blood pressure in mmHg

heart

blood pressure

blood flow is slower and blood pressure is higher

fluid that occupies the space between cells and tissues; includes plasma and interstitial fluid

the selective movement of materials through capillary walls by a pressure gradient

the fluid found in lymph vessels that contains some proteins that have leaked through capillary walls

a mass of tissue that stores lymphocytes and removes bacteria and foreign particles from the lymph

a white blood cell that produces antibodies

a lymphoid organ that acts as a reservoir for blood and filtering site for lymph

a lymphoid organ in which T lymphocytes mature

a lymphoid organ that acts as a reservoir for blood and a filtering site for lymph

a lymphoid organ in which T lymphocytes mature

fluid pressure and osmotic pressure

Water moves from an area of high pressure, the capillaries, to an area of lower pressure, the ECF

fluid from the ECF to move into the blood by osmosis

the lymphatic system

white blood cells that filter bacteria

blood cells

blood

red blood cells

the fluid portion of the blood (55% of blood)

a red blood cell that contains hemoglobin and carries oxygen (45% of blood)

the reduction in blood oxygen due to low levels of hemoglobin or poor red blood cell production

a white blood cell (less then 1% of blood)

albumins, globulins, fibrinogens

osmotic balance

antibodies, immunity

blood clotting

a component of blood responsible for initiating blood clotting

a blood clot that forms within a blood vessel and blocks it

a blood clot that dislodges and carried by the circulatory system to another part of the body

a substance, usually protein, that stimulates the formation of an antibody

a protein formed within the blood that reacts with an antigen

the clumping of blood cells caused by antigens and antibodies

type A has the A antigen, type B has the B antigen, type AB has both, and type O has neither

AB

O

It is another potential source of blood incompatibility. It is another antigen.

the process by which a white blood cell engulfs and chemically destroys a microbe

a phagocytic white blood cells fount in lymph nodes, bone marrow, and the spleen and liver

a thick liquid composed of protein fragments from digested leukocytes and microbes

localized nonspecific response triggered when tissue cells are injured by bacteria or physical injury, characterized by swelling, heat, redness, and pain

a plasma protein that helps defend against invading microbes by tagging the microbe for phagocytosis, puncturing cell membranes, or triggering formation of mucous coating

a lymphocyte, manufactured in the bone marrow and processed by the thymus gland, that identifies and attacks foreign substances

a lymphocyte, made and processed in the bone marrow, that produces antibodies

a port along a cell membrane into which hormones, nutrients, and other needed materials fit

a T cell with receptors that bind to fragments of antigens

a protein produced by the T cells that act as a chemical messenger between other T cells and B cells

a T cell that destroys microbes, body cells infected with viruses, and mutated cells by puncturing cell membranes

a T cell that turns off the immune system

a B cell that retains information about the shape of an antigen

physical barriers that prevent most infectious organisms from entering the body

a cell that is capable of developing into a number of specialized cell, such as neuron or muscle cell

immunodeficiency disease and inappropriate immune response (allergic reactions and autoimmune diseases)

lymphocytes treat the body's cells as forgein

the heart suddenly beats dangerously fast and then cannot pump blood to the body. Without immediate medical treatment, cardiac arrest will lead to sudden cardiac death

occurs when a blood clot partially or completely blocks a coronary artery, causing damage to a portion of the heart

is a condition that weakens the heart muscle, usually over time, causing the heart to pump less effectively

is swelling caused by disruptions in the flow of lymph

fibrin

keeps alveoli from sticking together and collapsing

keeps the lungs and ribs together

the medulla oblongata and the pons

rate and depth of breathing in response to pH changes in the cerebrospinal fluid

the breathing tempo

O2 and CO2 concentrations in the blood

4

is present before any exposure to pathogens and is effective from the time of birth

or adaptive immunity, develops after exposure to agents

histamine, which promotes changes in blood vessels

more phagocytes and antimicrobacterial proteins to enter tissues

is a systemic inflammatory response triggered by pyrogens released by macrophages and toxins from pathogens

is a life threatening condition caused by an overwhelming inflammatory response

1 MHC protein on their surface

1 MHC

natural killer (NK) cells

antigen receptors

• Hormonal immune response
• Cell-mediated immune response

involves activation and clonal selection of B cells, resulting in production of secreted antibodies

involves activation and clonal selection of cytotoxic T cells