Cell Bio Exam 1

10-15nm

10-15micrometers

lasagna

• 1. Proteins
• 2. Lipids
• 3. Nucleic Acids
• 4. small molecules

No; hydrophobic tail is just repelled by water

rRNA production

• protein processing/ sorting
• glycosylation

produce and modify hydrophic molecules

ribosomes produce proteins that are soluble inside rough ER

site of aerobic ATP production

digestive; site of acidic hydrolases; breakdown of old cell parts and endo/phagocytosed materials

perform oxidative breakdown of fatty acids and other hydrophobic molecules

• 1. Biochem
• 2. Genetics
• 3. Microscopy
• 4. Molecular Biology

The study of structure, function, and interactions of biological macromolecules

• using electromagnetic radiation and lenses to visualize tiny objects
• -Limit of resolution is related to wavelength of light

works on live cells, but no gives information about contents

makes use of fluorophores (absorb a high energy photon and emit a lower energy photon)

• attach a fluorophore to a secondary antibody (ex GFP)
• 1. Fix cell (kill)
• 2. attach primary antibody
• 3. attach secondary antibody to primary

• -high resolution
• - inherently low contrast due to light makeup of cells
• - Solution: fox cells and stain using heavy atoms (eg. uranylacetate)

study of genes; relationship between genes and phenotypes

identification of genes that are responsible for known phenotypes

identification of phenotypes that are associated with known genes

use of recombinant DNA technology to manipulate and study genes and phenotypes

E. coli restriction 1- first restriction enzyme isolated. cuts DNA sequences in very precise predetermined locations

• -spin mixture at high G force for a few minutes
• -separate pellet from supernatant

• Gel electrophoresis
• uses charges to pull DNA molecules apart. The smaller the molecule, the faster it will move in a given time and the further it will get down the gel. Based on Molecular Weight not radius

• 1. gel elctrophoresis
• 2. transfer to introcellulose paper
• 3. add primary antibody to find molecule of interest
• 4. add secondary antibody to bind to primary. Chemi-lumocesence enzyme on antibody reacts chemically to produce a photon of light

amino acid sequence

alpha helix, beta sheet; primary structure folding into a or b

secondary elements come together to form a complex 3D strucure that is generally a functional protein

complexes of proteins (eg. histones)

separation of molecules based on size, hydrophobicity, charge, or specific biological interactions

Separates proteins based on charge. Beads coated with DEAE (positive) are placed in a tube. the solution of proteins goes through the tubes, and the negatively charged proteins attach to the beads and the cation proteins are eluted. a salt  solution is used to elute the anions on the beads.

• separates proteins based on size (Stokes Radius not molecular weight)
• -smaller proteins get stuck for a little bit in the depressions in the beads, so they elute more slowly than the larger proteins which easily go around the beads

• exploits biochemical interactions
• -molecules that bind to the protein of interest are covalently attached to the beads. The proteins not of interest are eluted first, then a salt change is used to elute the proteins of interest from the beads.

4

nucleotide hydrolysis

barbed (+), Pointed (-)

barbed

it is in a filament (polymerized)

net addition at one end but net subtraction at the other