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Condyle
Rounded end of a bone that articulates with another bone.
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Canaliculi
Fine channels that the lacunae extend as. Reaches nearby lacunae & the haversian canal.
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Ribs
- "Costal"
- Form a protective cage around the heart and lungs. Aid in respiration.
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Haversian Systemn
- (compact bone)
- Collectively: haversian-canal, lamellae, lacunae and Volkmann's canal.
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Volkmann's Canals
- Extend to haversian canals at right angles and connect one haversian to another.
- Also carry nerves, blood & lymphatic vessels.
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Tubercle
The "process" on the humerus.
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tuberosity
ischium process
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Processes on the vertebrae
spinous processes
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Bony material plates found in bone marrow cavity.
Trabeculae (type of cancellous bone)
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Foramen (foramina)
Natural opening or passageway through a bone.
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pelvis (os coxae) is divided into what 3 main regions?
- 1.ilium - cranial most bone
- 2.ischium - caudal most done
- 3.pubis - smallest bone
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Neck Vertebrae
Cervical Vertebrae
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C1
"Atlas" - Wide and flattened vertebrae, supports the head.
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C2
"Axis" - Major pivot point of the head.
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Skulls are organized into what 2 areas?
- 1. Cranial Cavity - Where the brain is located.
- 2. Facial Bones - Makeup the nose, jaw and eye sockets.
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Chest Vertebrae
Thoracic Vertebrae: short bones with large spinous processes.
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How many thoracic vertebrae do carnivores, cows & sheep have?
13
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How many thoracic vertebrae do horses have?
18
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How many thoracic vertebrae do pigs have?
Either 14 or 15
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Each bone layer of compact bone-
Lamella (lamellae)
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Bone that lies medially on the ventral surface of the thorax
Sternum, also known as "Xyphoid Process"
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what does the sternum (xyphoid process) do?
Helps protect contents of chest; aids in breathing process
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Shoulder Blade
- Scapula
- pivot point for humerus. flat, triangular bone
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Spine of scapula
- ridge that projects laterally the length of the bone
- Attaches some shoulder muscles.
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Humerus
upper limb, connects to radius and ulna. Serves as place of attachment for muscles
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Metacarpal Bones
- Long bones lying side by side
- Are numbered 1-5 from most medial to most lateral.
- Connect carpal bones to the digits (or toes).
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Carpal Bones
Small, somewhat cuboidal cones that form much of the carpus (or wrist).
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Radius
- Located in the foreleg
- In humans, dogs,cats and pigs they are distinct bones.
- In other animals like ruminants they are partially or completely fused.
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Spincules
- (cancellous bone)
- Spine-like pieces of bony material.
- Arranged along lines of stress and force (as is the trabeculae),
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What is the function of the vertebrae?
Act as support for the body and protects the spinal cord.
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What are Lacunae?
- (compact bone)
- small spaces interspersed between the lamellae where osteocytes reside.
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Haversian Canal
Space in the center of tube, thru which blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves travel through compact bone.
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What are the two forms of bone structure?
- 1. Compact Bone - Found in outer portions of bone. Route through which blood and lymphatic vessels, and nerves travel.
- 2. Cancellous Bone - Provides framework upon which bone marrow can perform its function (trabeculae & spincules)
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Processes
various projections and bumps found on bones
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Fossa
Concave depression in a bone. Muscles are usually found in these areas.
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Sacrum
- 'Pelvic Area"
- Attaches firmly to R&L ilium of the pelvis.
- Looks like one bone but is formed from the fusion of several vertebrae.
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In dogs, how many bones make up the sacrum?
3
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In pigs, sheet and goats how many bones make up the sacrum?
4
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In horses and cows, how many bones make up the sacrum?
5
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A flat, articular surface
Facet
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Head of a bone-
- A rounded articulated surface on the end of a long bone
- (the humerus has one)
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Surface that forms a joint and contracts with another bone (covered with Hyaline cartilage)
Articular Surface
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Scroll-like whirls of bone that divide each nasal cavity.
turbinates
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How is the right lung divided into lobes in most animals?
- cranial
- middle
- caudal
- accessory
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How is the right lung divided into lobes in the horse?
All one lobe + accessory lobe
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How is the left lung divided into lobes in most animals?
cranial lobe & caudal lobe
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What are small nodular bones near a joint called?
Sesamoid bones
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What we call our ankle. In a four-legged animal, it is refered to as "the hock"
Tarsus
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Metatarsal Bones
- Almost exactly the same as metacarpal bones.
- there are usually only 4 digits, so usually only 4 metatarsal bones.
- Metatarsals II-V
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Long-bone of the thigh
Femur
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Main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg
Tibia
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Thin but complete bone in dogs and cats that parallels the tibia
Fibula
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Individual bones that make up the digits.
Phalanges (singular phalanx)
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Lower back vertebrae
Lumbar vertebrae: have long transverse processes
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how many lumbar vertebrae do cats and dogs have?
usually 7
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how many lumbar vertebrae do horses and cows usually have?
6
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how many lumbar vertebrae do goats, pigs and sheet usually have?
either 6 or 7
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Tail Vertebrae
- Coccygeal Vertebrae
- make up animals' tails
- Vary in number depending on the size of the animal's tail
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Choanae
the two internal nares that open from the nasal chambers into the roof of the mouth (link the mouth and the nasal chambers)
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The enlargement of the trachea above the sternum is called the _____ in avians.
Syrinx: essentially the voicebox of birds. Contains muscles, air sacs, and vibrating membranes
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