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If the recipients blood group is A:
What is their RBC antigen?
Their Plasma/Serum Antibody?
Compatible donor for RBC transfusions?
Compatible donor for plasma transfusions?
- Their RBC antigen is A
- Their Plasma/Serum Antibody is Anti-B
- Compatible donors for RBC transfusions are A and OCompatible donors for plasma transfusions are A and AB
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If the recipients blood group is B:
What is their RBC antigen?
Their Plasma/Serum Antibody?
Compatible donor for RBC transfusions?
Compatible donor for plasma transfusions?
- Their RBC antigen is B
- Their Plasma/Serum Antibody is Anti-A
- Compatible donors for RBC transfusions are B and O
- Compatible donors for plasma transfusions are B and AB
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If the recipients blood group is AB:
What is their RBC antigen?
Their Plasma/Serum Antibody?
Compatible donor for RBC transfusions?
Compatible donor for plasma transfusions?
- Type AB is the universal recipient
- Their RBC antigens are A and B
- Their Plasma/Serum Antibody Neither Anti-A nor Anti-B
- Compatible donors for RBC transfusions are A, B, AB, and O
- Compatible donors for plasma transfusions are AB
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If the recipients blood group is O:
What is their RBC antigen?
Their Plasma/Serum Antibody?
Compatible donor for RBC transfusions?
Compatible donor for plasma transfusions?
- Type O is the universal donor
- Their RBC antigen is Neither
- Their Plasma/Serum Antibody is Anti-A and Anti-B
- Compatible donors for RBC transfusions are O
- Compatible donors for plasma transfusions are A, B, AB, and O
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Finding: Pallor of skin or nail beds
Description?
Possible Etiology?
Description: Paleness; decreased or absence of skin coloration.
Possible Etiology: Low Hb level (anemia)
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Finding: Flushing
Description?
Possible Etiology?
Description: Transient, episodic redness of skin (usually around face and neck).
- Possible Etiology: Increase in Hb (polycythemia), congestion of capillaries,
- Flushing of the palms of the hands or soles of the feet may indicate anemia
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Finding: Jaundice
Description?
Possible Etiology?
Description: Yellow appearance of skin and mucous membranes.
Possible Etiology: Accumulation of bile pigment caused by rapid or excessive hemolysis or liver damage.
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Finding: Cyanosis
Description?
Possible Etiology?
Description: Bluish discoloration of skin and mucous membranes.
Possible Etiology: Reduced Hb, excessive concentration of deoxyHb in blood
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Finding: Pruritis
Description?
Possible Etiology?
Description: Unpleasant cutaneous sensation that provokes the desire to rub or scratch the skin
Possible Etiology: Hodgkin's lymphoma, cutaneous lymphomas, infiltration leukemias, increased bilirubin
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Finding: Leg Ulcers
Description?
Possible Etiology?
Description: Prominent on the malleoli on the ankles
Possible Etiology: Sickle Cell disease
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Finding: Angioma
Description?
Possible Etiology?
Description: Benign tumor consisting of blood or lymph vessels
Possible Etiology: Most are congenital; some may disappear spontaneously
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Finding: Telangiectasia
Description?
Possible Etiology?
Description: Small angioma with a tendency to bleed; focal red lesions, coarse or fine red lines
Possible Etiology: Dilation of small vessels
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Finding: Spider Nevus
Description?
Possible Etiology?
Description: Form of of telangiectasia characterized by a round red central portion and branching radiations resembling the profile of a spider; usually develop on face, neck, or chest.
Possible Etiology: Elevated estrogen levels as in pregnancy or liver disease.
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Finding: Purpura
Description?
Possible Etiology?
Description: Any of a small group of conditions characterized by ecchymosis or other small hemorrhages in skin and mucus membranes.
Possible Etiology: Decreased platelets or clotting factors resulting in hemorrhage into the skin; vascular abnormalities; break in blood vessel walls resulting from trauma
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Finding: Petechiae
Description?
Possible Etiology?
Description: Pinpoint, nonraised, perfectly round area < 2 mm; purple, dark red, or brown in color.
Possible Etiology: Decreased platelets or clotting factors resulting in hemorrhage into the skin; vascular abnormalities; break in blood vessel walls resulting from trauma
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Finding: Ecchymosis (Bruise)
Description?
Possible Etiology?
Description: Small hemorrhagic spot, larger than petechiae; non-elevated; round or irregular
Possible Etiology: Decreased platelets or clotting factors resulting in hemorrhage into the skin; vascular abnormalities; break in blood vessel walls resulting from trauma
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Finding: Hematoma
Description?
Possible Etiology?
Description: A localized collection of blood, usually clotted.
Possible Etiology: Decreased platelets or clotting factors resulting in hemorrhage into the skin; vascular abnormalities; break in blood vessel walls resulting from trauma
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Finding: Chloroma
Description?
Possible Etiology?
Description: A tumor arising from myeloid tissue and containing a pale, green pigment
Possible Etiology: Acute myelogenous leukemia that has infiltrated the skin.
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Finding: Plasmacytoma
Description?
Possible Etiology?
Description: A tumor arising from abnormal plasma cells
Possible Etiology: Multiple myeloma that has infiltrated tissue
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Finding: Jaundiced Sclera
Description?
Possible Etiology?
Description: Yellow appearance of the sclera
Possible Etiology: Accumulation of bile pigment resulting from rapid or excessive hemolysis or liver disease or infiltration.
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Finding: Conjunctival Pallor
Description?
Possible Etiology?
Description: Paleness; decreased or absence of coloration in the conjunctiva.
Possible Etiology: Low Hb level (anemia)
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Finding: Blurred vision, diplopia, visual field cuts
Description?
Possible Etiology?
Description: Decreased visual acuity or areas of blindness (field cuts)
- Possible Etiology: Anemia, extreme leukocytosis, polycythemia may cause visual abnormalities
- Thrombocytopenia may cause intracellular hemorrhage with visual abnormalities. Excessive clotting may cause thromboses in the circulation to the brain that cause visual cuts.
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Finding: Epistaxis
Description?
Possible Etiology?
Description: Spontaneous bleeding from the nares
Possible Etiology: May occur with low platelet counts, especially if the patient bends down for a long time period, tries to lift a heavy item or with an intense valsalva maneuver.
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Finding: Gingival and Mucous Membrane Changes
Description?
Possible Etiology?
Description: Pallor, Gingival/mucosal ulceration, swelling or bleeding.
Possible Etiology: Neutropenia; inability of impaired leukocytes to combat oral infections; thrombocytopenia
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Finding: Smooth Tongue
Description?
Possible Etiology?
Description: Tongue surface is smooth and shiny; mucosa is thin and red from decreased papillae
Possible Etiology: Pernicious anemia, iron deficiency anemia
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Finding: Lymphadenopathy
Description?
Possible Etiology?
Description: Lymph nodes are enlarged (< 1 cm), may be tender to touch
Possible Etiology: Infection, foreign infiltration, or systemic disease such as leukemia, lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma and metastatic cancer
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Finding: Tachycardia
Description?
Possible Etiology?
Description: Heart Rate > 100 beats/min
Possible Etiology: Compensatory mechanism in anemia to increase cardiac output
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Finding: Palpitations
Description?
Possible Etiology?
Description: Sensation of feeling the heart beat, flutter, or pound in the chest.
Possible Etiology: Anemia, fluid volume overload, hypotension with impending syncope, and dysrhythmias cause palpitations
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Finding: Altered blood pressure
Description?
Possible Etiology?
- Description:
- Orthostasis: heart rate > 20 bpm increase or blood pressure > 20 mm Hg decrease from baseline when moving from a lying position to either sitting or standing.
- Hypotension: < 90 mm Hg systolic or > 40 mm Hg drop from baseline.
- Hypertension: > 130/90 mm Hg
Possible Etiology: Orthostasis is a common manifestation in anemia, especially if also accompanied by low blood volume
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Finding: Sternal Tenderness
Description?
Possible Etiology?
Description: Abnormal sensitivity to touch or pressure on sternum.
Possible Etiology: Leukemia resulting from increased bone marrow cellularity, causing increase in pressure and bone marrow erosion; multiple myeloma as a result of stretching of periosteum.
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Finding: Low Oxygen Saturation
Description?
Possible Etiology?
Description: Oxygen carrying capacity is reflected by the oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry
Possible Etiology: Oxygen saturation may be decreased in cases of severe anemia
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Finding: Hepatomegaly
Description?
Possible Etiology?
Description: Palpable liver
Possible Etiology: Leukemia, cirrhosis, or fibrosis secondary to iron overload from sickle cell disease or thalassemia
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Finding: Splenomegaly
Description?
Possible Etiology?
Description: Palpable spleen
Possible Etiology: Anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukemia, lymphomas, leukopenia, mononucleosis, malaria, cirrhosis, trauma, portal hypertension
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Finding: Distended Abdomen
Description?
Possible Etiology?
Description: Distended abdomen is a larger than normal abdominal profile. It may be soft or firm, tender or nontender, and accompanied by other symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, or rebound tenderness
Possible Etiology: Lymphoma may manifest as abdominal adenopathy, mass(es), or bowel obstruction.
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Finding: Paresthesias of Hands and Feet; Ataxia
Description?
Possible Etiology?
Description: Numbness sensation and extreme sensitivity experienced in central and peripheral nerves; impaired muscle movement
Possible Etiology: Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) deficiency or folate deficiency
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Finding: Weakness
Description?
Possible Etiology?
Description: Lacking physical strength or energy
Possible Etiology: Low Hb level (anemia)
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Finding: Headache, nuchal rigidity
Description?
Possible Etiology?
Description: Pain in the cranium, potentially involving one area or extending from the frontal area to the back of the neck.
Possible Etiology: Generalized headache is a common manifestation of mild to moderate anemia. Severe headache with or without visual disturbances may signal intracranial hemorrhage due to thrombocytopenia.
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Finding: Bone Pain
Description?
Possible Etiology?
Description: Pain in pelvis, ribs, spine, sternum
Possible Etiology: Multiple myeloma related to enlarged tumors that stretch periosteum; bone invasion by leukemia cells; bone demineralization resulting from various malignancies; sickle cell disease.
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Finding: Joint Swelling
Description?
Possible Etiology?
Description: Fluid-Filled spaces surrounding the joints
Possible Etiology: Occurs with hemophilia and sickle cell anemia as bleeding occurs into the joint (hemarthria) causing inflammation.
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Finding: Arthralgia
Description?
Possible Etiology?
Description: Joint Pain
Possible Etiology: Sickle cell disease from hemarthrosis
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