The flashcards below were created by user
DesLee26
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
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All, without exception, nucleic acids contain which five elements?
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Why do the rings in nucleic acids differ from others?
they contain nitrogen
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What is the function of 1-6 linkages?
branching out
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What linkage does amylose have? amylopectin? glycogen?
- 1-4 alpha linkages
- 1-6 alpha linkages
- 1-6 and 1-4
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What is the catch with structural polysaccharides?
they cannot be hydrolyzed by the organisms that make them
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What are the two shapes of proteins?
- fibrous (relatively straight and long)
- - usually just primary, secondary, and quaternary
- globular (spherical)
- - has all four levels
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What are the three classification systems of proteins?
- based on:
- - levels of structure
- - composition
- - function
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What are the protiens based on levels of structure?
fibrous proteins: exhibit primary and secondary structure; somes quaternary; insolubale; stable; form tough structures
globular proteins: exhibit primary, secondary, tertiary, and sometimes quaternary; arranged so that the R-groups are on the inside and the ones on the outside are hydrophilic
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What are proteins based on composition?
- simple proteins: composed of only amino acids in a polypeptide chain
- Conjugated proteins: composed of one or more polypeptide chains plus a non-amino acid component called a co-factor; the cofactor has to be there for the protein to function
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What are proteins based on function?
- structural
- contractole (muscle)
- defensive
- transport
- hormones
- toxins
- storage
- receptor proteins
- enzymes
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What are the disaccharides?
- maltose= glucose + glucose
- lactose= galactose + glucose
- sucrose= fructose + glucose
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What does sucrose do?
- transform form of sugar in the plant
- -storage of carbs in larger sizes
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what is lactose?
milk sugar
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What are oligosaccharides?
- a short chain of 3 - 100s of monosaccharide molecules joined together via glycosidic bonds
- - usually linked to some other molecule (lipid, protein)
- - most common location: poking out surface of plasma membrane
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What are the two basic functions of oligosaccharides?
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What is linkage?
a designation of which carbon atoms in adjacent monosaccharide subunits are bonded together; can also indicate whether in alpha or beta form
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What are the two forms of starch?
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What are examples of lipids?
- fats
- oils
- waves
- phospholipids
- carotenoids
- steroids
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What are the components of phospholipids?
- one glycerol
- two fatty acids
- one phosphate (may/ may not include an organic group attached to the phosphate)
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What are the three classifacations of amino acids on basid of chemical characteristics of the R group?
- nonpolar
- polar but uncharged
- electrically charged (acidic or basic)
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What do proteins differ in?
- - total number of amino acids (size); each type of protein contains a specific number of amino acids
- - relative quantities of each specific type of amino acid
- - specific sequence (order) of amino acids
- - specific 3D shape
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What are the subunits of DNA?
deoxyribonucleotides
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What is the 5' end?
end where the phosphate group is not attached to another nucleotide
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What is a 3' end?
end where sugar of nucleotide is not linked to another nucleotide
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How many hydrogen bonds form with adenine?
two
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How many hydrogen bonds form between guanine and cytosine?
three
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Who proposed the structure of DNA?
- alpha double helix
- Watson and Crick (+ Rosalind Franklin)
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DNA molecules differ in?
- number of base pairs
- relative quantities of each specific base pair
- specific sequence (order) of base pairs
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What is the function of DNA?
stores genetic info in the sequence of genes
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What are the alternative forms of DNA?
- single stranded v. double stranded
- linear vs. circular
- 3D structures
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What is the difference between organic and inorganic?
- organic contains carbon
- inorganic may contain carbon iin a very energy poor state
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All chemical reactions in the cell occur where the reactants __.
dissolve in water
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Why is water a very good solvent?
- its a polar molecule
- Oxygen has a partial negative charge, while hydrogen has a partial positive charge, enabling attraction to other compounds.
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What are two other important functions of water?
- tranfsport
- it acts as a lubricant to decrease friction
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Hydrolysis can only occur if __.
the molecule is combined through dehydration reactions.
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What are the benefits of linking monosaccharides togehter?
decreases amount of material in cell, lowering the concentration of dissolved material in the cell
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What do lipids consist of?
Which are dominant?
- C
- H
- O
- and sometimes P and N
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Lipids are insoluble in __, but soluble in __.
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In fats and oils, what does glycerol not contain? How many carbons are usually present in hydrocarbon chains?
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True or False: If a molecule has even a slight charge, it will dissolve in water.
true
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What is the function of the phosphate group in a phospholipid?
hydrocarbon tails?
- interact well water water due to charge (polar/ hydrophilic)
- tails are hydrophobic and are away from the water
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What are steroids?
four-fused rings of carbon; the sharing of carbons enables fusion
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Animal hormones are one of two types:
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What makes steroids different?
the attachments to the ring
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What is the solubility characteristic of steroids?
- rings don't dissolve in water (hydrophobic)
- the only hydrophilic substance is the -OH group
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Explain cholesterol/
- cholesterol: major function of animal membranes ONLY
- liver makes it
- starting point for making other steroids
- animal hormones
- vitamines
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What are the elements in proteins?
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Peptide bonds link two __. Are they straight or branched?
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Which amino acid usually starts the chain?
methionine
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How do the ends of the chains in polypeptides differ?
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Explain the linkages in each stage of protein structure?
- Primary: carboxyl and amino acid (peptide bond)
- Secondary: hydrogen bonding between carboxyl and amino acid
- Tertiary: bonds between the side chains of same polypeptide, giving it an folded, 3D shape
- Quaternary: bonds between two or more polypeptide chains
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Do all proteins have:
primary structure?
secondary structure?
tertiary structure?
quaternary?
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In DNA, which components are responsible for bining the nucleotide together?
phosphates and sugar--> phosphodiester linkage
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What are the purines?
adenine and guanine
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What are the pyrimidines?
cytosine and thymine
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Exlain:
- single stranded DNA?
- double stranded DNA?
- viruses usually contain
- most common form
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Explain:
- linear DNA.
- circular DNA.
- Linear common in most organisms
- Bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts contain circular DNA.
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What are the 3D Structures of DNA?
- B-DNA: most common; right-handed helix/ set number of base pairs per turn
- A- DNA: right- handed helix; higher set of base pairs per turn exists
- Z- DNA: same base pair number per turn as B-DNA; very temporary; left-handed helix
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