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The branch of medicine devoted to the study and understanding of the disease.
Pathology
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Represents a set of circumstances in which cellular processes associated with life proceed normally and in accordance with the function genetically associated to that cell
Homeostasis
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Nutrition, protection, communication, mobility and reproduction are associated with
Homeostasis
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When cells are under stress, __________ is hard to maintain. Changes in cellular structure become clear and pathological or disease state ensues.
Homeostasis
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Cellular death or changes that prove lethal to the cell
Irreversible changes
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Consistent with cell survival if the precipitating cause is corrected
Reversible changes
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Monitoring of and response to tissue damage, redness, warmth, swelling, and pain
Inflammation
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_______ ________ is a complex, immunochemical reaction initiated by normal cells that have been injured
Inflammatory reaction
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________ begins as local vascular dilation that permits an increase in blood flow to tissue and accounts for redness and warmth.
Inflammation
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With inflammation, there are changes in _______ and ________ pressure of the vascular membrane.
Permeability and Intravascular
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With inflammation, changes expedite the escapes of fluid in _______ _______ to produce swelling.
Interstitial space
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In Inflammation, many proteins, and white blood cells escape with the fluid to destroy _______, neutralize _______, destroy dead or dying tissue. Eventually new _______ facilitate tissue repair.
- Bacteria
- Toxins
- Capillaries
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6 causes of tissue damage:
- Hypoxia
- Microbial infections
- Ionizing radiation
- Chemicals
- Allergic or immune reactions
- Cancer
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Etiology - Mutagens that cause unusual changes in DNA of cells they attack?
Chemical carcinogens
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Etiology: 4 Viral
- Epstein Barr virus
- Human papillomarvius
- Hepatitis B virus
- Human T-cell leukemia type I virus
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Etiology: Who are affected by Ionizing radiation (2)
- Radiation workers
- Atomic bomb survivors
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Pathological Diagnosis: 3 types of biopsy
- Exfoliative cytology
- Fine needle aspiration
- Open biopsy
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Pathological Diagnosis: Classify Cancer (2)
- Grade
- Stage ( TNM and AJCC)
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* Note *
All cells share the ability to produce energy and maintain themselves in a star of normal function by elaborating a vast array of proteins and macromolecules that facilitate adaptation to physiologic or pathological stress.
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* Note *
The discipline seeks to understand the effect of disease on the function of the human organism at all levels and relate functional alterations to changes perceived at the gross anatomic, cellular and sub cellular levels.
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In detection and diagnosis, the two most important and effective strategies of saving lives.
- Prevention
- Early screening
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An objective finding as perceived NY examiner
Sign (example - person is jaundice, physically seen)
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Subjective indication of a disease or change in condition as perceived by patient
Symptom (example - patient has headache, how someone feels)
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Set of signs or symptoms arising from common cause
Syndrome
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The use of sight to observe
Inspection
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3 Examples of inspection during physical exam:
- Color is skin
- Lesions
- Asymmetry on the surface of skin
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Use of touch to acquire information
Palpatation
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2 Examples of palpation during a physical exam
- Axillary lymph nodes
- Enlarged liver
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Act of striking or tapping patient gently
Percussion
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During a physical exam, percussion is used to look for (2 examples)
- Looking for kidney infection
- Where the lungs and abdomen begin
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Act of listening to sounds in the body
Auscultation
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Example of auscultation during a physical exam
Stethoscope listens to heart and lungs
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Checking temperature, blood pressure, pulse and respirations
Vital signs
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Regularity of breathing
Rhythm
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4 things that are important when testing/screening
- Prevalence
- Incidence
- Sensitivity
- Specificity
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Probability of disease in the entire population at one time
Prevalence
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Probability that a patient without disease develops the disease during an interval
Incidence
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1 in 8 women develops ________ cancer and is an example of _______
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1 in 8 men develops ________ cancer and is an example of ________
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Probability of a positive test among patients with disease
Sensitivity
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Probability of negative test among patients without disease
Specificty
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Starting at age 40, mammograms should be done how often?
Yearly
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Clinical breast exams should be done every _______ years for age 20,s and 30's.
Three
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SBE should start at age 20. What is SBE?
Self Breast Exams
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_______ _______ is recommended for women with strong family history
Screening MRI
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Beginning at the age 50, men and women should do one if the following colon/rectal screening:
- Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT) Or Fecal immunochemical test (FIT) every year
- Flexible sigmoidoscopy (FSIG) every 5 years
- Double contrast Barium Enema (BE) every 5 years
- Colonoscopy every 10 years
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* Note *
- Starting at age 50, men should have a PSA test and digital rectal exam (DRE) done by a physician annually.
- African American men or men with strong family history should start at age 45.
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* Note *
Cervical screening should begin 3 years after a women begins vaginal intercourse but no later than age 21.
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* Note *
Cervical screening should be done annually until age 30, and can be reduced to every 2 to 3 years if multiple negative tests have been performed
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* Note *
Endometrial: Women after menopause should report any vaginal bleeding or spotting
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