BIOL 200

• DNA template: to serve as a blueprint for the RNA sequence 
• Ribonucleotides: to serve as a monomers for RNA polymerization 
• RNA Polymerase: catalyses synthesis of RNA

• Promoter: extremely important for the recognition of the RNA 
• +1 site: site is sort of what is called the start of the transcription
• Coding sequence: region of gene that codes for the protein

sense strand is the nontemplate strand, the anti-sense strand is the template strand 

1. Polymerase binds to promoter sequence in duplex DNA. "closed complex"

2. Polymerase melts duplex DNA near transcription start sit, forming a transcription bubble. "Open complex"

3.Polymerase catalyzes phosphodiester linkage of two initial rNTPs 

Polymerase advances 3'to5' down template strand, melting duplex DNA and adding rNTPs to growing RNA

During transcription we transiantly produce a funky hybrid of DNA and RNA

Polymerization involves the formation of a phosphodiester linkage between the free 3' hydroxyl of the growing RNA chain and the alpha phosphate group of the incoming rNTP

At transcription stop site, polymerase releases completed RNA and dissociates from DNA 

Holoenzyme scans along the DNA until it encounters a promoter region to bind to and form a closed complex.

Consist of core enzyme and sigma actor. 

• Found in the Holoenzyme
• Its task is to find the promoter
• "find where the gene is"

They are important in terms of catalysis

Is there for stabilizing 

Important to grab DNA onto the template

by binding to specific sequence motifs, which areessential for promoter activity (the -10 and -35 regions)

Process in which messanger RNA is translated into proteins

mRNA: Genetic information DNA in form of codons 

tRNA: key to decipher the codons in mRNA. Each tRNA has an associated amino acid and anticodon 

rRNA: associates with proteins to form ribosomes

tRNA and rRNA, there functional identity is to transcript

rRNA and proteins

• Initiation Factors (IFs) associate with the 30S subunit forming the preinitiation complex  
• IF1 and IF3 assists the loading of mRNA and the initiation aminoacyl-tRNAforming the 30S initiation complex which binds the transcript at the initiationcodon, AUG
• IF1 and IF2-GTP facilitate theloading of the 50S subunit forming the 70S initiation complex

• Elongation Factors (EFs) arerequired for the stepwise additionof amino acids
• It’s a ribozyme - the 23S rRNA -that carries out thepeptidyltransferase reaction

• When the mRNA ribosome-tRNA-peptidyl complex reaches a stopcodon, Release Factors(RFs) mediate thetermination of proteinsynthesis.
• RF1 and 2 mimic tRNA
• RF3-GTP catalyzes the cleavage of the peptidyl tRNA releasing the protein chain

Not until those tRNA molecules are coupled with their bonded amino acids forming an Amimoacyl-tRNA