the properties in the vertical direction are different from those in the horizontal direction
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Cold Work
Refers to plastic deformation that is usually carried out at room temperature. When deformation occurs below the recrystallization temperature.
Dislocations
Linear, one-dimentional defects
Elastic Deformation
Material returns to its original shape when the force is removed
Plastic Deformation
The material does not return to its original shape when the force is removed. Permanent deformation.
Face Centered Cubic
Grain Boundaries
Surfaces that separate individual grains
Grain Size
Large grain size is associated with low strength, low hardness, and low ductility.
Hexagonal Close Packed
Homologous Temperature
The ratio T/Tm where T is the working temperature and Tm is the melting point
Hot working
Plastic deformation that occurs above the recrystallization temperature
Recovery
Occurs at a certain temperature range below the recrystallization temperature of the metal, where the stresses in the highly deformed regions of the metal piece are being relieved.
Recrystallization
New strain-free grains nucleate and grow to replace those deformed by internal stresses
Decreased strength and hardness
Increased Ductility
Slip System
The combination of a slip plane and its direction of slip
Strain Hardening
Increased shear stress required to overcome entanglements and impediments that results in an increase in the overall strength and hardness of the metal