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middle of thoracic cavity
mediastinum
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Lateral sections of the thoracic cavity
pleura and lungs
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Thoracic inlet
opening where the thoracic cavity communicates with the root of the neck (thoracic outlet to clinicians); passage of many vessels and nerves, esophagus and trachea
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Borders of the thoracic inlet
posterior: 1st thoracic vertebra; lateral: medial borders of 1st ribs/costal cartilages, anterior: superior border of manubrium
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Thoracic outlet
thoracic cavity communicates with the abdomen; passage of esophagus and many large vessels and nerves
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Borders of the thoracic outlet
Posterior: 12th thoracic vertebra; lateral: curving costal margin, Anterior: xiphisternal joint and closed by diaphragm
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Mediastinum location
area between 2 pleura - extends from the thoracic inlet to the diaphragm; and from the sternum to the 12 thoracic vertebrae
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Where is the mediastinum split into superior and inferior mediastinum?
sternal angle & 4th thoracic vertebra
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Regions of the inferior mediastinum
middle, anterior, posterior
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Mediastinoscopy
Use of a mediastinoscope inserted into a small incision at the root of the neck, superior to the manubrium near the jugular notch to view or biopsy mediastinal lymph nodes for diagnostic purposes
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Mediastinitis
Inflammation of the neck; can spread from neck to thorax
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Problems caused by a tumor in the mediastinum
Many vital structures crowded together; tumor of the left lung can rapidly spread to involve medistinal lymph nodes which can compress recurrent laryngeal nerve and produce paralysis of left vocal fold; expanding cyst can occlude SVC (congestion of veins of the upper part of the body)
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Trachea
Mobile cartilaginous and membranous tube
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Location of the trachea
continuation of larynx and the lower border of the cricoid cartilage; level of 6th vertebra
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What keeps trachea from collapsing?
U-shaped cartilage rings embedded in its wall
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Where does trachea divide in bronci?
level of the sternal angle
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How do R and L bronchi differ?
R Wider, shorter, more vertical
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Divisions of R bronchus
Superior lobar (off R main bronchus before entering hilum), middle lobar (off R main bronchus when entering hilum), and inferior lobar
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Divisions of L bronchus
superior lobar and inferior lobar on entering the hilum
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Parietal pleura
lines thoracic wall, covers the thoracic surface of the diaphragm, and lateral surface of the mediastinum (cannot be anesthetized
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Where do parietal and visceral pleura become continuous?
hilum of each lung; form a cuff that surrounds the structures entering and leaving the lung
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Visceral pleura
covers the outer surface of the lungs and extends into the interlobar fissures
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Lung root
Where the lung connects to heart and trachea
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Pulmonary ligament
loose extension of the cuff below the lung root to allow for movement during respiration
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Pleural cavity
a slit like space that separates the parietal and visceral pleura
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Pleura fluid
FLuid in pleural cavity that allows for frictionless movement
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Costodiaphragmatic recess
the lowest area of the pleural cavity into which they expand on deep inspiration (where fluid collects)
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