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Rules of thumb that allow us to avoid careful information processing?
Heuristics
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The question a reasearcher attempts to answer in a given study?
Research Question
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Explains the meaning of a term in a general abstact way?
Conceptual Definition
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Explains how a term will be measured in the study?
Operational Definition
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An extension and refinement of the everyday critical impulse; it is a systematic way of describing, analyzing, and evaluating a given act of communication?
Rhetorical Criticism
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Any act of communication that influences the belief or behavior of an audience?
Rhetorical Act
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Learn from observation?
Ethnographers
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Goes "under cover" by becoming a member of the group being studied?
Covert Rules
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Enters field as a scientist. People know they are being observed?
Overt Rule
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A record of critical events and behaviors accompanied by the ethographers self observations feelings, and intepretations?
Field Notes
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A member of the cultrue who is willing to show the researcher around, to answer questions, and to set up interviews with other people?
Informant
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Own norms and values are hard to set aside?
Presuppositionless Research
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Investigator chooses a sample of people to question, decides what to ask and how, and administers the questions in either written or oral form?
Survey Research
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The entire group a researcher wants to study?
Population
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A small group of people representative of the population?
Sample
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A systematic method for choosing respondents for a study?
Sampling Plan
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Allows generalizations because it assures the researcher that the sample is representative?
Probability Sampling
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Each member of the population has an equal chance of being in the sample?
Simple Random Sampling
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Does not give the researcher the same assurance?
Nonprobability Sampling
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Common form of nonprobability sampling?
Accidental Sampling
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Questions that should be avoided. Ask several questions at once?
Double-barreled Questions
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Questions to avoid. Indicate a preferred response?
Leading Question
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A way to survey people?
Interviews or Questionaires
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Questions where the espondents choose from a finite set of answers provided by the researcher?
Closed Ended Questions
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Tates idea on a numerical scale?
Rating Scale
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Questions that a person answers in their own words?
Open Ended Questions
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Interested in cause and effect?
Experimental Research
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Suspected cause?
Independent Variable
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Effect they want to explain?
Dependent Variable
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Find if praise leads to satisfaction?
Manipulate
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The way the researcher sets up a study?
Research Desgin
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Independent Variable?
Treatment
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Equivalent ot the first group in every way except that it does not recieve the experiement treatment?
Control Group
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Always yield the same results?
Reliable
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Measure dependent variable?
Valid
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Communication scholars focus on a wide range of performances?
Performance Studies
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Four tasks researchers accomplish?
Ask questions and define key concepts; they choose a method to guide their inquiry; they gather and analyze samples of communications acts; and they interpret these samples, sharing the results.
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Five Research Methods?
Rhetorical Criticism, Ethnographic Research, Survey Research, Experimental Research, and Performance Research
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Five Step Research Method for Anything?
- 1. Need a question
- 2. Select a reasearch method
- 3. Design a sampling stratagy
- 4. Gather and analize data
- 5. Interpret and share results
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