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human physiology specialties include?
- cell physiology (function of living cells)
- speical physiology (study of the physiology of specific organs
- systematic phyiology (study of all aspects of the fuction of specific organ systems)
- pathological physiology (study of the effects of diseases on organ or system functions
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dynamic equilibrium
relative stability with variations over time
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is homeostasis dependent or interdependent on organ systmes working together?
interdependent
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Give some examples of the sources of homeostatic disruptions.
- external (heat, cold, lack of oxygen)
- internal (body temperature, blood pressure, concetration of water)
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what is the regulated variable, set point and error signal in homeostasis?
- that aspect that is maintained in homeostasis
- expected value of regulated variable
- difference between the value of set point and regulated variable
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what are the components of homeostatic regulation?
- receptor: receives stimulus regarding the regulated variable (body's temperature sensors sense the rise of body temp)
- control center: processes and integrates information from the receptor (thermoregulatory center in brain)
- effector: responds to the control center to change in body's response (blood vessels and sweat glands in skin)
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what is negative feedback and how does the rate of change change?
- negative feedback is the response that moves variable in the opposite direction of stress
- rate of change decreases as the variable reaches normal values
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what is body's level of organization?
- chemical level: atoms combine to form molecules, which join to form complex contractile protein fibers
- cellular level: interlocking heart muscle cells form cardiac muscle tissue
- tissue: cardiac muscle tissue makes up the bulk of the walls of the heart
- organ level: heart is a complex organ composed of different tissues
- organ system level: the cardiovascular system includes the heart, blood and blood vessels
- organism level: all the organ systems must work together for a eprson to remain alive and healthy
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what is the difference between glucagon and insulin?
- glucagon is released into the circulatory system when blood glucose is low; it signals the liver to break down glycogen into simple glucose
- insulin is released into the circulatory system when blood glucose is high; it facilitates the transport of glucose into target cells
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what is positive feedback? How does its rate of change change? what is needed in a normal positive feedback?
- response moves body in the same direction as stress
- Rate of change increases as variable reaches tolerance limites
- must have a built in "stop" signal
- blood clots and childbirth
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