GI 2nd half.txt

An anatomical abnormaility where part of the stomach protrudes through the diaphram into the chest

• congenital Defect
• increased intraabdominal pressure associated with obesity

Present in only a minority affected

• chest x-ray
• Barium swallow radiograph
• Endoscopy

• lifestyle changes
• medications
• surgery

• Gastritis
• Peptic ulcers
• Gastroenteritis and food poisioning
• cancer of the stomach

an inflamation, irritation and swelling of the lining of the stomach

• Acute gastritis - short lasting
• Chronic Atrophic gastritis - last for months to years

• Alchohol
• tobacco/smoking
• Helicobacter pylori infection
• NSAIDs

• Dark stools
• vomity blood or coffee-ground like material

Esophageogastroduodenoscopy

Dergenaerative condition affecting the stomach lining interfering with gastric intrinis factor and HCL secretion

• stomach cancer
• chronic alcholism
• chronic exposure to irritants such as alchohol, aspirin or certain food

• similar to acture gastritis
• Dark stools
• vomity blood or coffee-ground like material
• Esophageogastroduodenoscopy

little can be done

an erosion in the mucous membrane that produces a crate-like lesion can occuranywhere in the digestive tract

• Gastric ulcer = found in the lowe half of the stomach
• duodenal ulcer - found in the uper part of th esmall intestine directly below the stomach

• helicobacter pylori infection
• NSAIDs
• Tobacco/smoking
• alcohol

• Bloody (dark, tarry) stools (melana)
• Bloody vomitus (hematemesis)

• Perforation of gastric or intestinal wall
• internal bleeding
• gastric outlet obstruction
• blookd in stoool or in vomiting
• peritonitis

• Esophgeogastroduodenenoscopy
• Detection of blood in the stool
• Blood tests for elevated wbcsw

• antibotics
• proton pump inhibitors
• bismuth

• Proton pump inhibitor
• PGE1 analogue
• adsorbent

Inflamation of the stomach and small and large intestines

• infection microoganinism
• chemical toxings
• lactose intolerance
• food allergies

nausea, vomiting and/or diarrhea

• Fluid and nutritional replacemnts
• Antipasmodic medications

• the most common form is adenocarcinoma which starts in the mucosal lining of the stomach
• diagnosis is often delayed

• bloatign
• gas
• heartburn
• sense of ullness

• family history of gastric cancer
• helicbacter pylori infection
• Blood type A
• Smoking
• History of pernicious anemia
• Ademoatous gastric polyp larger than 2 cm

• Dark stools
• Vomiting of blood
• Difficulty in swallowing that increaes over time

• complete blood cound CBC to check for anemia
• esophagogastroduodenoscopy with biopsy
• stoll test to check for blood int ehstoools
• upper GI series

Surgery

• Appendicitis
• Malabsorption syndrome
• Celiac disease
• Diverticulitis
• Reguibak ebterutus (Chrohn;s disease)
• Chronic ulcerative colitis

Acute and painful inflamaiton of the appendix, a small pouch at teh begining of the large intesting

• although primarily unknown; but may store helpful bacteria to "reboot" digestive system
• -possible immune funciton due to presence of lymphiod tissue
• possible endocrine funciton since shown to able to produce biogenic amines and peptide hormone

• due to blockage by fecial matter
• foreign object
• tumor

• Pain following palpation of lower right quadrant
• wbc count
• abnormal CT scan or ultrasound
• diagnostic laparoscopy

surgery or antibotics

• gangren
• peritonitis

An alteration in the ability ot absorb fat or other nutrients from the small intestines

• abnormality of the gut wall
• failure to produce pancreatic lipase due to pancreatic disese or blocked pancreatic duct
• inadequate bile secretion due to liver disease or blocked bile duct
• abnormalities of the flora of the gut

• Diarrhea or steatorrhea (excessive fat causing greasy, foul-smelling stools that float)
• abdominal distention
• anemia
• edema
• malnutrition
• muscle cramping form low vitamin D Ca2+ and K+ levels
• muscle wasting and atrophy due to decrease protein absorption and metabolism
• Perianal skin burning itching or soreness from frequent loose stools

• Well-control diet
• fat-soluble vitamn (A, D, E, K) suplements

• an heritied, autoimmune disease in which the villi of the small intestine are damaged from eating gluten
• villi become flattend affecting their ability to absorb other nutrients

is to elminate gluten from diet

inflamation fo diverticula (small bulging prouches) in the sigmoid colon; presences ofpouches in the coclon is called diverticulosis

• Symptoms - peritonitis
• Diagnosis - Barioum enema
• Treatment - antiboitics

• A form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) usually affects the intestines, but may offuce anywhere from the mouth to the anus
• intestinal walls thicken andbecome rigid and intestinal lumen narrows and becomes obstructed
• period of exacerbation, remission and relapse are common
• risk for hemoarrhage and perforation

• Family history
• jewish ancestry
• smoking

• immune disorders
• allergies
• stress

• Lower right quaderant pain
• Pain with passing stools (tenesmus)
• Melena (dark, bloody stools)

• Ileocolitis
• Ileitis
• gastroduodenal crohn's disease
• Jejunoileitis
• crohn's (granulomatous) colitis

Most common form of chron's disease affecting small ileum and large (colon) intestines

Crohns that affects the ileum

affects the stomach and duodenum

cause spotty patches of inflamation in the top half of the small intesting (jejunum)

only affects the large intestine

• Blood work
• Sigmoidoscopy
• colonscopy with biopsy

• anti-inflamatory medications
• immunosuppressive agents
• surgery

a chronic inflamation of the colon and rectum with persiod of remission and excerbation that may lead to incresed risk for colon malignancy

• Automimmune disorders
• e. coli infection
• stress
• hypersensitivity ot certain foods

• Diarrhea with pus, blood, and mucus
• anemia due to chronic blood loss through the rectum

• colonsocopy
• Barium enema

• Treatments are aimed to reduce symptoms, replace nutrients stop blood loss and prevent complications
• Gulcoorticosteroids
• colostomy