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What is hiatal hernia?
An anatomical abnormaility where part of the stomach protrudes through the diaphram into the chest
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What are causes of Hiatal herina
- congenital Defect
- increased intraabdominal pressure associated with obesity
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What are symptoms of Hiatal hernia
Present in only a minority affected
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Hiatal Hernia - Diagnosis
- chest x-ray
- Barium swallow radiograph
- Endoscopy
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Hiatial Hernia - Treatment
- lifestyle changes
- medications
- surgery
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What are dieases of the stomach
- Gastritis
- Peptic ulcers
- Gastroenteritis and food poisioning
- cancer of the stomach
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Gastritis
an inflamation, irritation and swelling of the lining of the stomach
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2 types of gastritis
- Acute gastritis - short lasting
- Chronic Atrophic gastritis - last for months to years
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Causes of Acute Gastritis
- Alchohol
- tobacco/smoking
- Helicobacter pylori infection
- NSAIDs
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Symptoms of Acute Gastritis
- Dark stools
- vomity blood or coffee-ground like material
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What test can you run for acute gastritis
Esophageogastroduodenoscopy
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What is chronic atrophic gastritis
Dergenaerative condition affecting the stomach lining interfering with gastric intrinis factor and HCL secretion
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Causes of chronic atrophic gastritis
- stomach cancer
- chronic alcholism
- chronic exposure to irritants such as alchohol, aspirin or certain food
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Symptoms and tests for chronic atrophic gastritis
- similar to acture gastritis
- Dark stools
- vomity blood or coffee-ground like material
- Esophageogastroduodenoscopy
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Treatment for chronic atrophic gastritis
little can be done
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Peptic Ulcers
an erosion in the mucous membrane that produces a crate-like lesion can occuranywhere in the digestive tract
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What are 2 types of peptic ulcers
- Gastric ulcer = found in the lowe half of the stomach
- duodenal ulcer - found in the uper part of th esmall intestine directly below the stomach
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Causes of peptic ulcers
- helicobacter pylori infection
- NSAIDs
- Tobacco/smoking
- alcohol
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What are symptoms of peoptic ulcers
- Bloody (dark, tarry) stools (melana)
- Bloody vomitus (hematemesis)
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Possible complications Peptic ulcers
- Perforation of gastric or intestinal wall
- internal bleeding
- gastric outlet obstruction
- blookd in stoool or in vomiting
- peritonitis
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Diagnosis of Peptic ulcers
- Esophgeogastroduodenenoscopy
- Detection of blood in the stool
- Blood tests for elevated wbcsw
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Treatment of Peptic Ulcers - helicobacter pylori infection
- antibotics
- proton pump inhibitors
- bismuth
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Treatment of Peptic ulcers - NSAID induced lesion
- Proton pump inhibitor
- PGE1 analogue
- adsorbent
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Gastroentreritis and food poisoning
Inflamation of the stomach and small and large intestines
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Causes of Gastroentreritis and food poisoning
- infection microoganinism
- chemical toxings
- lactose intolerance
- food allergies
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Symptoms of Gastroentreritis and food poisoning
nausea, vomiting and/or diarrhea
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Treatment for Gastroentreritis and food poisoning
- Fluid and nutritional replacemnts
- Antipasmodic medications
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Cancer of the stomach
- the most common form is adenocarcinoma which starts in the mucosal lining of the stomach
- diagnosis is often delayed
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What are early stages of cancer of stomach
- bloatign
- gas
- heartburn
- sense of ullness
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What are risks factor for stomach cancer
- family history of gastric cancer
- helicbacter pylori infection
- Blood type A
- Smoking
- History of pernicious anemia
- Ademoatous gastric polyp larger than 2 cm
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Symptoms of Stomach Cancer
- Dark stools
- Vomiting of blood
- Difficulty in swallowing that increaes over time
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Diagnosis of stomach cancer
- complete blood cound CBC to check for anemia
- esophagogastroduodenoscopy with biopsy
- stoll test to check for blood int ehstoools
- upper GI series
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What are treatments for Stomach cancer
Surgery
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What are diseases of the intestines
- Appendicitis
- Malabsorption syndrome
- Celiac disease
- Diverticulitis
- Reguibak ebterutus (Chrohn;s disease)
- Chronic ulcerative colitis
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What is appendicitis
Acute and painful inflamaiton of the appendix, a small pouch at teh begining of the large intesting
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What is a possible function of the appendix
- although primarily unknown; but may store helpful bacteria to "reboot" digestive system
- -possible immune funciton due to presence of lymphiod tissue
- possible endocrine funciton since shown to able to produce biogenic amines and peptide hormone
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What are cause of appendicitis
- due to blockage by fecial matter
- foreign object
- tumor
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How is appendicitis diagnosed?
- Pain following palpation of lower right quadrant
- wbc count
- abnormal CT scan or ultrasound
- diagnostic laparoscopy
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What are treatments for appendicitis
surgery or antibotics
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What are complications of appendicitis
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What is malabsorption syndrome?
An alteration in the ability ot absorb fat or other nutrients from the small intestines
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Possible causes of malabsorptions inclue
- abnormality of the gut wall
- failure to produce pancreatic lipase due to pancreatic disese or blocked pancreatic duct
- inadequate bile secretion due to liver disease or blocked bile duct
- abnormalities of the flora of the gut
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What are symptoms of Malabsorptions syndrome
- Diarrhea or steatorrhea (excessive fat causing greasy, foul-smelling stools that float)
- abdominal distention
- anemia
- edema
- malnutrition
- muscle cramping form low vitamin D Ca2+ and K+ levels
- muscle wasting and atrophy due to decrease protein absorption and metabolism
- Perianal skin burning itching or soreness from frequent loose stools
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What are treatments for Malabsorption syndrome
- Well-control diet
- fat-soluble vitamn (A, D, E, K) suplements
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What is celiac disease
- an heritied, autoimmune disease in which the villi of the small intestine are damaged from eating gluten
- villi become flattend affecting their ability to absorb other nutrients
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Treatment for celiac disease
is to elminate gluten from diet
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What is diverticulitis
inflamation fo diverticula (small bulging prouches) in the sigmoid colon; presences ofpouches in the coclon is called diverticulosis
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What are symptoms/diagnosis/treatment of diverticulitis
- Symptoms - peritonitis
- Diagnosis - Barioum enema
- Treatment - antiboitics
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What is Region enteritis (Chron's disease)
- A form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) usually affects the intestines, but may offuce anywhere from the mouth to the anus
- intestinal walls thicken andbecome rigid and intestinal lumen narrows and becomes obstructed
- period of exacerbation, remission and relapse are common
- risk for hemoarrhage and perforation
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What are risk factors of chron's disease Regional entereitis
- Family history
- jewish ancestry
- smoking
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Possibel causes
- immune disorders
- allergies
- stress
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What are symptoms (similar to appendicitis)
- Lower right quaderant pain
- Pain with passing stools (tenesmus)
- Melena (dark, bloody stools)
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Five types of chrohn's diseases
- Ileocolitis
- Ileitis
- gastroduodenal crohn's disease
- Jejunoileitis
- crohn's (granulomatous) colitis
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Ileocolitis
Most common form of chron's disease affecting small ileum and large (colon) intestines
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Ileitis
Crohns that affects the ileum
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gastroduodenal crohn's disease
affects the stomach and duodenum
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Jejunoileitis
cause spotty patches of inflamation in the top half of the small intesting (jejunum)
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crohn's (granulomatous) colitis
only affects the large intestine
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What are dianosis test for chrons disease
- Blood work
- Sigmoidoscopy
- colonscopy with biopsy
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Treatments for Crohns
- anti-inflamatory medications
- immunosuppressive agents
- surgery
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Chronic ulcerative colitis
a chronic inflamation of the colon and rectum with persiod of remission and excerbation that may lead to incresed risk for colon malignancy
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Possible causes of ulcerative colitis
- Automimmune disorders
- e. coli infection
- stress
- hypersensitivity ot certain foods
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What are sysmptoms of ulceratice colitis
- Diarrhea with pus, blood, and mucus
- anemia due to chronic blood loss through the rectum
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What are diagnosis techniques for ulcerative colitis
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What are treatment for ulcerative colitis
- Treatments are aimed to reduce symptoms, replace nutrients stop blood loss and prevent complications
- Gulcoorticosteroids
- colostomy
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