Biology 101 ch 3

Carbon-based molecules

methane and other compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen

chain of carobon atoms in a n organic molecule

Branched or Unbranched

compounds with the same formula but different structures

Nonpolar x2

• Hydroxyl group -OH
• Carbonyl Group >c=o
• Carboxyl group -COOH
• Amino group -NH2
• phosphate group -opo3^2

Water-loving and therefore soluble in water

• consists of a hydrogen atom  bonded to an oxygen atom which in turn is bonded to the carbon skeleton 
• C-(OH)

a carbon atom is linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom

Aldehyde

ketone

consists of a carbon double-bonded to an oxygen and also bonded to a hydroxyl group

acid

carboxylic acids

is composed of a nitrogen bonded to two hydrogen atoms and the carbon skeleton

base

Organic compounds with an amino group

consists of a phophorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms

Ionized by attaching to the carbon skeleton by one of its oxygen atoms

consists of a carbon bonded to three hydrogens

methylated compounds

compounds with methyl groups

Biological molecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

• joining smaller molecules into chains 
• A polymer is a long molecule consisting of many identical or similar building blocks strung together

THE BUILDING BLOCKES OF POLYMERS

40-50

a reaction that removes a molecule of water

hydrolysis means to break with water and cells break bonds betweenmonomers by adding water to them. 

specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions in cells

Member of the class of biolgical molecules consistin of simple single-monomer sugars (monsaccharides) two monomer sugars (disaccharides) and other multiunit sugars (poysaccharides)

The simplest carbohydrate, a simple sugar with a molecular formular that is generally some multipe of CH2O. Monosaccharides are the building blocks of disaccharides and polysaccharides.

A sugar molecule consisting of two monosaccharides linked by a dehydration reaction. 

Polymers of monosaccharides linked together by dehydration reactions

storage polysaccharide in plants - consists entirely of flucose monomers. 

(highly branched than starch)

as ganules in our liver and muscle  cells, which hydrolyze the glycogen to relase glucose when it is needed. 

• the most abundant organic compund of earth.
• Also a polymer of flucose, but its glucose monomers are linked together ina different orientation.
• A large plysaccharide composed of many glucose monomers linked into cable-like fibrils that provide structural support inplant cell walls. 

A structural polysaccharide found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of arthropods. 

An organic compound consisting mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by nonpolar convalent bonds, making the compound mostly hydrophobic. Lipids include fats, phospholipids, and steroids and are insoluble in water (hydrophobic)

Water-fearing ( lipids are hydrophobic)

fat

large lipid made from two kinds of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids

tryglyceride

having less than the maximum number of hydrogens

fats with the maximum number of hydrogens 

A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group, giving th emolecule a nonpolar hydrophobic tail and a polar hydrophilic head.  Phospholipids form bilayers that functionas biological membranes. 

lipids whose carbon skeleton contains four fused rings

A steroid that is an important component of animal cell membranes and that acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other steroids such as hormones. 

• polymer constructd from amino acid monomers
• A functional biological molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded into a specific three-dimensional structure.

Have an amino group and a carboxyl group (which makes it an acid, hence the name amino acid)

The covalent linkage between two amino acid units in a polypeptide; formed by a dehydration reaction. 

made from two amino acids

A plymer (chain) of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. 

yeah that.

Polypeptide chains unravel losing their specific shape and as a result , their function

Unique sequence of amino acids

parts of the polypeptide coil or fold into local patterns. Once shape is ALPHA HELIX a kind of spirl. Another shape is a PLEATED SHEET. 

• the overall three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide.
• Tertiary structure generally results from interactions among the R groups of the amino acids making up the polypeptide. 

The fourth level of protein structure;the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits. 

A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequencce in DNA or RNA in some viruses. most of the genes of a eukaryote are located in its chromosomal DNA; a few are carried by the DNA of mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Deoxyribonucleic acid

A plymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as  a blueprint for proteins and through the actions of proteins, for a lll cellular structures and activites. the two types of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA

ribonucleic acid 

A double-stranded helical nucleic acid molecule consisting of nucleotide monomers with deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A) Cytosine (C) guanine (G) and thymine(T) Capable of replicating, is an organism's genetic material. 

A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a robse sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A) cytosine (C) guanine (G) and uracil (U) usually single-stranded;functions in protein synthesiss and as the genome of some biruses. 

An Organic monomer consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group. nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids.

two polynucleotides wrap around each other

lactose tolerance

• Energy for cell, raw material ( Glucose)
• Energy storage ( Stach, glycogen)
• plant cell support ( cellulose)

• Energy storage (fats)
• Cell membrain (phospholipids)
• Hormones ( sterods)

• Enzyme (lactase)
• Structure protein ( hair tendons)
• Movement (muscles)
• transport ( hemoglobin)
• Commmunication (signal proteins)
• Defense ( Antibodies)
• Storage (egg albumin)
• Receive signals (recptor protein)

• Heredity (DNA or RNA)
• Code for proteins (DNA or RNA

DNA

Are not truly polymers