A&P 202 Exam 2 Study Guide

What is the resistance to a disease called?

What are the 2 intristic systems of the immune system?

Which of the 2 intristic systems of the immune system responds more quickly?

The innate (nonspecific) defense system consists of what 2 things?

The skin and mucosae prevent entry of microorganisms in which line of defense in the intristic (nonspecific) defense system?

Antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other cells are found in which line of defense in the intristic (nonspecific) defense system?

In the innate (nonspecific) defense system, what inhibit the spread of invaders throughout the body?

In the second line of defense of the innate (nonspecific) defense system, what is the most important mechanism?

Which of the 2 intristic systems of the immune system takes longer to react?

Is the 3rd line of defense part of the innate or adaptive defense system?

In the adaptive (specific) defense system, what mounts attack against  particular foreign substances?

What are the surface barriers that make up the first line of defense?

What is in the skin and presents a physical barrier to most microorganisms?

What is keratin resistant to?

What produce protective chemicals that destroy microorganisms?

Which epithelial chemical barrier inhibits bacterial growth?

What is the pH to the skin's acidity?

Which epithelial chemical barrier contains chemicals toxic to bacteria?

What are the delivery system of dynamic structures that begins and ends at the heart?

What are the 3 types of blood vessels?

Which type of blood vessels carry blood away from the heart?

Arteries are oxygenated except for which 2 things?

Which type of blood vessels contact tissue cells and directly serve cellular needs?

Which type of blood vessels carry blood towards the heart?

What are the 3 tunics arteries and veins are compose of?

What is known as the central blood-containing space surrounded by tunics?

Which type of blood vessels are composed of endothelim with sparse basal lamina?

Which tunic is the endothelial layer that lines the lumen of all vessels?

Which tunic is the smooth muscle and elastic fiber layer, regulated by the sypathetic nervous system?

Which system is the tunica media regulated by?

Which tunic controls vasconstriction/ vasodilation of vessels?

Which tunic is made up of collagen fibers that protecct and reinforce vessels?

What nourish the external tissues of the blood vessel wall?

What do larger vessels contain?

Which type of arteries are the thick walled arteries near the heart?

The aorta and its major branches are part of which type of arteries?

Which type of arteries have large lumen that allow low- resistance conduction of blood?

What do the elastic (conductive) arteries contain in all 3 tunics?

What do large lumen in the elastic (conducting) arteries allow?

Which type of arteries act as pressure reservoirs?

How do elastic (conducting) arteries act as pressure reservoirs?

Muscular (distributing) arteries are _____ to elastic arteries.

Which type of arteries deliver blood to the body organs?

Which type of arteries have thick tunica media with more smooth muscle?

Which type of arteries are active in vasocontriction?

What are known as the smallest arteries?

Which type of arties lead to capillary beds?

Which type of arteries control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation and vasconstriction?

Arterioles control flow into capillary beds by what?

Which type of blood vessels are microscopic?

In which type of blood vessels are walls of thin tunica intima one cell thick?

Because of thier size, how many RBCs can pass through capillaries at a time?

Capillaries are found in all tissues except which 4?

What are some functions of capillaries?

What are the 3 structural types of capillaries?

Which of the 3 structural types of capillaries is abundant in the skin and muscles?

What do the continuous capillaries of the brain form?

Which of the 3 structural types of capillaries are the least permeable and most common?

Which of the 3 structural types of capillaries contain pores?

What is another name for pores?

T or F:
Some endothelial cells contain pores (fenestrations).
True False

Which of the 3 structural types of capillaries are more permeable that continuous capillaries?

Which of the 3 structural types of capillaries function in absorption or filtrate formation (small intestines, endocrine glands, and kidneys)?

Which structural type f capillaries are the least permeable?

Which type of structural capillaries are the most permeable?

Which type of structural capillaries are most abundanant in the skin and muscles?

Which type of structural capillaries are the specialized form of fenestrated capillaries, they are most fenestrated and more porous?

Which type of structural capillaries have fewer tight junctions, larger intercellular clefts, and large lumens?

Which type of structural capillaries allow large molecules and blood cells to pass betwen the blood and surrounding tissues?

Which type of structural capillaries are found in the liver, bone marrow, and spleen?

What is a cuff of smooth muscle that surrounds each true capillary?

What regulates blood flow into the capillar and how much goes into it?

What are formed when capillary beds unite?

What allow fliuds and WBCs to pass from the bloodstream to the tissues?

What are the smallest venules, composed of endothelium and few pericytes?

Do small or large venules have one or two layers of smooth muscle (tunica media)?

What are formed when venules converge?

What are composed of the tunics, with thin tunica media and thick tunica externa consisting of collagen fibers and elastic networks?

What are capacitance vessels (blood reservoirs) that contain 65% of the blood supply?

What are the 2 MAINstructures in the venous system?

Which has much lower blood pressure: arteries or veins?

Which have thinner walls: arteries or veins?

Why do veins have a much lower blood pressure and thinner walls than arteries?

What are specialized, flattened veins with extremely thin walls?

What are 2 examples of venus sinuses?

To return blood to the heart, veins have special adaptations. What are the 2 ANATOMICAL adaptations?

What are the 3 factors aiding venous return?

Which of the 3 factors aiding in venous return have to do with pressure changes created during breathing move blood toward the heart by squeexing abdominal veins as thoracic veins expanded?

Which of the 3 factors aiding in venous return have to do with contraction of skeletal muscles "milk" blodd toward the heart and valves prevent backflow?

What is defined as: merging blood vessels?

Are vasular anastomoses more common in veins or arteries?

What do arterial anastomoses provide?

Are vasular anastomoses normal in coronary  circulation?

In vascular anastomoses, if one branch is blocked, what can supply the area with adequate blood supply?

What is defined as the actual volume of blood flowing through a vessel, an organ, or the entire circulation in a given period of time?

Blood flow is measured in units of what?

Considering the entire vascular system, what is blood flow equivalent to?

When is blood flow relatively constant?

Does blood flow vary widely through individual organs?

What is known as the force per unit area exerted on the wall of a blood vessel by its contained blood?

What unit is blood pressure (BP) expressed in?

What is blood pressure measured in reference to in large arteries near the heart?

Where is blood pressure measured in reference to systemic arterial BP?

What is the opposition to flow?

What is the measure of the amount of friction the blood encounters?

What else is resistance referred to as?

What are the 3 important sources of resistance?

Is resistance directly or indirectly proportional to blood flow?

As resistance decreases, does blood flow increase or decrease?

As resistance increases, does blood flow increase or decrease?

As viscosity increases, what happens to resistance and blood flow (do they increase or decrease)?

What are the 2 factors of resistance that remain relatively constant?

What is the "stickiness" of the blood due to formed elements and plasma proteins?

The longer the vessel, is there greater or lesser resistance encountered?

What are the major determinanatd of peripheral resistance?

Abrupt changes in diameter or fatty plaques from which disease dramatically increas resistance?

When there is less elasticity, is there more or less resistance?

When there is more elasticity, is there more or less resistance?

Does vasoconstriction on an artery create a larger or smaller lumen?

Does vasoconstriction on an artery create more or less resistance?

Does vasoconstriction on an artery create more or less flow?

Does vasodilation on an artery create a larger or smaller lumen?

Does vasodilation on an artery create more or less resistance?

Does vasodilation on an artery create more or less flow?

Which disease is hardening of the arteries?

Which diease is fatty plaque formation in the arterial walls?

Is blood flow (F) directly or indirectly  proportional to the blood (hydrostatic) pressure gradient?

If presure gradient increases, does blood flow slow down or speed up?

Is blood flow directly or inversely proportional to peripheral resistance (R)?

Why is resistance more important in influencing local blood flow?

What does the pumping action of the heart generate?

During systemic blood pressure, when does pressure result?

Where is systemic pressure the highest?

Does system pressure incline or decline throughout the pathway?

What is the value of systemic pressure of mm Hg in the right atrium?

Atrerial BP reflects two factors of the arteries close to the heart. What are the 2 factors?

What is defined as the pressure exterted on atrial walls during ventricular contraction?

What is defined as the lowest level of arterial pressure?

What is dfined as pressure that propels the blood to the tissues (average blood pressure in an individual)?

What are the 3 main factors influencing blood pressure?

What is blood pressure equal to?

RESTING or UNDER STRESS)
In Cardiac output, when is the heart rate is controlled by the cardioinhibitory center via the vegas nerve.

(RESTING or UNDER STRESS)
In Cardiac output, when does the cardioaccelatory center increase heart rate and stroke volume?

If something effects peripheral resistance, will it effect pressure?

Is the short-term OR long-term controls of blood pressure mediated by neural and hormonal controls?

Short-term controls counteract fluctuations in blood pressure by alternating what?

Is counteract fluctuations in blood pressure by alternating peripheral resistance part of short-term controls of blood pressure or long-term controls of blood pressure?

Is the short-term OR long-term controls of blood pressure mediated by renal regulation?

Long-term counteracts fluctuations in the blood pressure by alternating what?

Is counteract fluctuations in blood pressure by alternating blood volume part of short-term controls of blood pressure or long-term controls of blood pressure?

What is the vasomotor center plus the cardiac centers that integrate blood pressure control by altering cardiac output and blood vessel diamter?

The cardiovascular center is the vasomotor center plus the cardiac centers that integrate blood pressure control by alternating what 2 things?

Which center oversees changes in the blood vessel diamter?

For the short term mechanism, in vasometer activity, what does increased sympathetic activity cause?

For the short term mechanism, in vasometer activity, what does decreased sympathetic activity cause?

Does an increased resistance increase or decrease blood pressure?

Does decreased resisantce increase or decrease blood pressure?

For short term mechanisms, in chemical controls, what is blood pressure regulated by?

What are the prominent chemoreceptors that blood pressure is regulated by?

Which hormones in the adrenal medulla increase blood pressure?

Which hormones cause vasoconstriction and increase cardiac output?

Which hormone causes intesnse vasocontriction in cause of extremely low BP?

Kidney release of renin generates what that causes vasoconstriction?

Adrenal medulla hormones, ADH, and Angiotensin II... vasoconstrictors or vasodialators?

Which chemical causes blood volume and pressure to decline and is produced by the atria of the heart?

Which chemical is a brief but potent vasodiator?

What is one exmple of an infammatory chemical?

Is histamine a vasocontricor or vasodialator?

Does alcohol cause BP to increase or drop?

ANP, NO, Infammatory chemicals, and alcohol... are these chemicals vasocontrictors or vasodialators?

For long-term mechanisms, in renal regulation which organs act directly and indirectly to maintain long-term blood pressure.

Do direct or indirect mechanisms alter blood volume in the long term mechanism?

Do direct or indirect mechanisms involve the reninangiotensin mechanism for long-term?

Which mechanism alters blood volume independently of hormones?

In direct renal mechanism, does increased or decreased BP/blood volume cause the kidneys to eliminate or more urine, thus reducing BP?

In direct renal mechansim, does increased or decreased BP/ blood volume cause the kidneys to converse water and raise BP?

Is the renin-angiotensin mechanism a direct or indirect mechanism?

In the renin-angiotensin mechanism, when atrial blood pressure declines, what enymatic hormone does it release?

In the renin-angiotensin mechanism, what is produced when renin triggers a series of reactions?

In the renin-angiotensin mechanism, is renin released when atrial blood pressure inclines or declines?

Is angiotensin II a potent vasoconstrictor or vasodialtor?

In the renin-angiotensin mechanism, angiotensin II  stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete what?

In the renin-angiotensin mechanism, what enhances renal absorption of sodium and declines urine formation?

In the renin-angiotensin mechanism, does aldosterone increase or decrease urine formation?

In the renin-angiotensin mechanism, what stimulates ADH release?

What can the efficiency of the circulation be assesed by?

When monitoring ciculatory efficiency, what are known as the pulse and blood pressure, along with respiratory rate and body temperature?

When monitoring ciculatory efficiency, what is known as the pressure wave caused by the expansion and recoil of elastic arteries?

What are the 3 things pulse varies with?

Which pulse is taken on the radial artery at the wrist?

The systemic arterial BP is measured indirectly with which method?

Is the systemic arterial BP measured directly or indirectly with the ausculatory method?

What are the 3 steps for measuring blood pressure?

When measuring blood pressure, the first sound heard is recorded as the _____ pressure.

What are values of a normal systolic pressure in mm Hg?

When measuring blood pressure, when pressure sounds disappears, it is recorded as the _____ pressure.

What are values of a nornal diatolic pressure in mm Hg?

How long of a period do blood pressures cycle?

Due to levels o hormones, does BP peak in the morning, afternoon, or night?

What are 8 extrinsic factors that may cause BP to vary?

What low blood pressure defined as?

Hypotension has a systolic pressure below _____ mm Hg.

What is hypotension often associated with?

What are 3 homeostatic imbalances of hypotension?

Which homeostatic imbalance of hypotension has characteristics of temporary low BP and dizziness when suddenly rising from a sitting or reclining position?

Which homeostatic imbalance of hypotension results from a hint of poor nutrition and warning sign for Addison's disease (adrenal insufficiency) or hypothyroidism?

Which homeostatic imbalance of hypotension is an important sign of circulatory shock?

What is defined as high blood pressure?

Hypertension has a sustained elevated arterial pressure of __/__ or higher.

Hypertension transient elevations in systolic pressure occur as normal elevations during which 3 conditions? 

Is hypertension or hypotension often persistent in obese people?

Prolonged hypertension is a major cause of what 4 things?

About what % of people have primary or essential hypertension?

Primary or essential hypertension is due to several risk factors such as:

Is primary or secondary hypertension less common?

Is primary or secondary hypertension due to identifiable disorders, including kidney disease, arteriosclerosis, and endocrine disorders such as hyperthyroidism and Cushing's syndrome (hyperadrenalism)?

What is defined as automatic adjustment of blood flow to each tissue in proportion to its requirements at any given point in time?

What occurs when short-term autoregulation cannot meet tissue nutrient requirements?

Is Angiogensis a short-term or long-term autoregulation?

What 2 things happen to vessels in Angiogenesis?

When is Angiogenesis common in the heart?

Can muscle blood flow increase or decrease tenfold during physical activity as vasodilation occurs?

Muscle blood flow can increase tenfold or more during physical activity as vasoconstriction OR vasodilation occurs?

Blood flow to the brain is ____, as neurons are intolerant of ischemia.

Blood flow to the brain decreases in pH and increased carbon dioxide cause marked vasodilation. Is this a metabolic control or myogenic control?

During blood flow to the brain, myogenic controls increase OR decrease in MAP cause cerebral vessels to dialte?

During blood flow to the brain, myogenic controls increase OR decrease in MAP cause cerebral vessels to contrict?

During blood flow to the brain, metabolic controls, declines in __1__, and increased __2__cause marked vasodilation.

During blood flow to the brain, metabolic controls, declines in pH, and increased carbon dioxide cause marked vasoconstriction OR vasodilation?

The brain is vulnerable under extreme systemic pressure changes. MAP below _____ mm Hg can cause syncope (fainting).

The brain is vulnerable under extreme systemic pressure changes. MAP above _____ mm Hg can result in cerebral edema.

What are 3 things in the blood flow through the skin does?

In blood flow to the heart, what 2 things happen during strenuous excercise?

What results in any condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally?

What results in inadequate blood blood to meet tissue needs?

What are the 3 types of circulatory shock?

Which type of circulatory shock results from large-scale blood loss?

Which type of circulatory shock is a poorcirculation resulting from extreme vasodilation?

Which type of circulartory shock the heart cannot sustain adequate circulation?

Myocardial damage (multiple infarcts) is an exapmple of which type of circulatory shock?

Anaphylactic shock – a systemic allergicreaction, is an exapmle of which type of circulatory shock?

What are the 2 distinct circulations in the vascular system?

The heart pumps by which week of developement?

What are the 3 parts of the lymphatic system?

Is the lymphatic system a one or two way system?

In the lymphatic system, do lymphs flow towards the heart or away from the heart?

What is another name for lymph vessels?

Lymph vessels (lymphatics) include what 3 types?

What are the 3 main functions of the lymphatic system?

Once interstital fluid enters lymphatics, what is it called?

Are lymphatic capillaries similar to blood capillaries?

Lymphatic capillaries are similar to blood capillaries with which 2 modifications?

Lymphatic capillaries are absent in which 3 areas?

What are 2 ways minivalves function as one way gates?

In the lymphatic capillaries, what allow interstitial fluid to enter the lymph capillaries?

In the lymphatic capillaries, what do not allow lymph to escape from capillaries?

During inflammation, what 3 things can lymph capillaries absorb?

Cells in the what "clease" and "examine"?

What are defined as specialized lymph capillaries present in intestinal mucosa?

What in the lymph capillaries absorb digested fats and deliver fatty lymph (chyle) to the blood?

What are formed by the union of the largest collecting ducts?

What are 2 large ducts lymph can be delivered into?

Which of the 2 large ducts that lymph is delivered into, drains the right upper arm and the right side of the heard and thorax?

Which of the 2 large ducts that lymph is delivered into arises from the cisterna chyli and drains the rest of the body?

Lymphis delivered into one of two large ducts: right lymphatic duct and thoacic duct. Each empties lymph into venous circulation at the junction of the ____ and ____ on its own side of the body

Does the lymphatic system have a pumping organ?

In lymph transport, what are low pressure conduits?

Lymph transport uses the similar methods as _____ to propel lymph.

Lymph transport uses the similar 5 methods as veins to propel lymph. What are they?

What are the main cells involved in immune response?

What are the 2 main varieties of lymphoid cells?

Which cells protect the body against antigens?

Anything the body percieves as foreign  is defined as what?

What are 4 examples of antigens?

Which type of lymphocytes manage the immune response?

Which type of lymphocytes attack and destroy foreign cells?

Which type of lymphocytes produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies?

Which type of lymphocytes secrete antibodies that immobilize antigens?

What immobilize antigens?

Which type of lymphoid cells phagocytize foreign substances and help activate T cells.

Which type of lymphoid cells capture antigens and deliver them to lymph nodes?

Which type of lympoid cells produce stroma that supports other cells in lymphoid organs?

What are scattered reticular tissue elements in every body organ?

What are solid, spherical bodies consisting of tightly packed reticular elements and cells?

What are the principal lympoid organs of the body?

What are embedded in connective tissue and clustered along lymphatic vessels?

Aggregations of lymph nodes occur near the body surface in which 3 regions of the body?

What are the 2 basic functions of lymph nodes?

Which of the 2 basic functions of lymph nodes do macrophages destroy microorganisms and debris?

Which of the 2 basic functions of lymph nodes monitor for antigens and mount an attack against them?

What is the structure of lymph nodes?

What are the 2 histologically distinct regions of a lymph node?

What are the only things that filter lymph?

Lymph enters via _____ lymphatic vessels

Lymph nodes meander through sinuses and exits the node at the hilus via _____ vessels.

Are there fewer afferent or efferent vessels of the lymph nodes?

Because there are fewer efferent vessels, lymph stagnates someone in the _____.

Because there are fewer efferent vessels, lymph stagnates somewhat in the node. What does this allow lymphotcytes and macrophages time to carry out?

§Because there are fewer efferent vessels, lymph stagnates somewhat in the node. This allow which 2 cells time to carry out protective functions.

What is the largest lympoid organ?

Which organ is located on the left side of the abdominal cavity beneath the diaphragm?

Which organ is served by the splenic artery and vein, which enter and exit the hilus?

The spleen is served by which 2 things that enter and exit at the hilus?

It is served by the splenic artery and vein, which enter and exit at the _____.

What are the 3 functions of the spleen and which is the main one?

What is the main function of the spleen?

Which organ stores breakdown products of RBCs for later reuse?

Spleen macrophages salavage and store _____ for later use by bone marrow.

WEhich organ stores blood platelets?

Which organ is the site of fetal erythrocyte production (normally ceases after birth)?

What are the 2 distinct areas of the spleen?

Which area of the spleen contains mostly lymphocytes suspended on reticular fibers and involved in immune function?

Which area of the spleen is made up of remaining splenic tissue concerned with disposing of worn out RBCs and bloodborn pathogens?

Which organ is a bilbobed organ that secretes hormones that cause T lymphocytes to become immunecompetent?

Whatare the 2 hormones the thymus releases?

What does the size of the thymus vary with?

When is the thymus found in the inferior neck and extends into the mediastinum where it partially overlies the heart? Infants, childhoob, or adolescence?

When does the thymus increase in size and is most active? Infants, childhood, or adolescence?

When does the thymus stop growing and then gradually atrophies? Infants, childhood, or adolescence?

The thymic lobes contain an outer __1__ and inner __2__.

Thymic _____ contain an outer cortex and inner medulla.

What are the 2 importanat ways the thymus differes from other lymphoid organs?

Which kind of cells secrete hormones (thymosin and thymopoeitin) that stimulate lymphocytes to become immunecompetent?

Which organs are the simplest lympoid organs?

Which organs form a ring of lymphatic tissue around the pharynx?

What are the 4 types of tonsils (according to location)?

Which tonsils are located on either side of the posterior end of the oral cavity?

Which tonsils lie at the base of the tongue?

Which tonsils are located in the posterior wall of the nasophaynx?

What is another name for pharyngeal tonsils?

Which tonsils surround the openings of the auditory tubes into the pharynx?

What are clusters of lymphoid follicles known as?

Where are Peyer's patches located?

Where are similar structures of Peyer's patches also found?

What destroy bacteria, preventing them from breaching the intestinal wall?

What do Peyer's Patches and the appendix generate?

What is MALT?

What would you find in MALT?

Are Peyer's patches, tonsils, and the appendix part of the digestive or respiratory tract?

Are lymphoid nodules in the walls of the bronchi part of the digestive or respiratory tract?

What does MALT protect from foreign matter?

What does MALT protect the digestive system and respiratory systems from?

Which epithelial chemical barrier contains chemicals toxic to bacteria?

Which epithelial chemical barrier secretes concentrated HCl and protein-dige Saliva and lacrimal sting enzymes?

Which epithelial chemical barrier traps microorganisms that enter the digestive and respiratory systems

Epithelial chemical barrier fluid contain which enzymes?

What trap inhaled particles through the nose?

Mucosa of which tract is ciliated?

Mucosa of the upper respiratory tract is ciliated. What do the cilia do?

What 5 things are necessary if microorganisms invade deeper tissues?

Macrophages, mast cells, WBCs and infammatory chemicals are part of which internal defence cells/chemicals?

Interferons and complement proteins are part of which internal defense cell/chemicals?

What do macrophages developed from monocytes become?

What develope from monocytes to become the chief phagocytic cells?

Do free or fixed macrophages wander through tissue space?

Are alveolar macrophages free or fixed macrophages?

Are free or fixed macrophages permanent residents of some organs?

Are kupffer cells free or fixed macrophages?

Where would you find Kupffer cells?

Are microglia free or fixed macrophages?

Where would you find microglia?

When do neutrophils become phagocytic?

Which WBCs/phagocytes become phagocytic when encountering infectious material?

Which WBCs/phagocytes are weakly phagocytic against paracitic worms?

Which phagocytes bind and ingest wide range of bacteria?

Which cells that are a part of internal defense are large granular lymphocytes?

What are target cells that lack "self" cell-surface receptors called?

Naturl Killer (NK) cells induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) in which 2 type of cells?

Which cells that are a part of internal defense secrete potenet chemicals that enhance the infammatory response?

What is the tissue's response to injury?

What prevents the spread of damaged agents to nearby tissues?

What disposes of cell debris and pathogens and is a park of internal defense?

What is a part of internal defense and sets the stage for repair processes?

What are the 4 (or 5) cardinal signs of acute inflammation?

What kind of chemcials cause dilation of arterioles, resulting in hyperemia?

What kind of chemicals cause increased permeability of local capillaries and edema (leakage of exudate from capillaries to tissue spaces).

Is inflammation part of vasodilation or vasocontriction?

Does inflammation increase or decrease vascular permeability?

What 3 things does excudate contain?

What is exudate a part of?

What is the surge of protein-rich fluids into tissue spaces defined as?

What kind of internal defense response is edema?

What are the 3 main functions of edema?

What are the 4 main phases of phagocytic mobilization in inflammatory response?

Which of the 4 main phases in phagocytic mobilization of inflammatory response are neutrophils are released from the bone marrow in response to leukocytosis-inducing factors released by injured cells.

Which of the 4 main phases in phagocytic mobilization of inflammatory response are neutrophils cling to the walls of capillaries in the injured area?

Which of the 4 main phases in phagocytic mobilization of inflammatory response are neutrophils squeeze through capillary walls and begin phagocytosis?

Which of the 4 main phases in phagocytic mobilization of inflammatory response do inflammatory chemicals attract neutrophils to the injury site?

What are a part of internal defense and enhance the innate defenses by attacking microorganisms directly?

What are a part of internal defense and enhance the innate defenses by hindering microorganisms ability to reproduce?

What are the 2 most important antimicrobial proteins?

What are 2 ways antimicrobial proteins enhance the innate defenses by?

What are produced by lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts infected by viruses?

What cells are activated to secrete IFNs?

What do IFNs enter?

After IFNs enter neighboring cells, what do neighboring cells produce?

What are the 3 main functions of Interferons?

What are genetically engineered IFNs for?

About 20 proteins that circulate in the blood in an inactive form are known as:

What are the 4 main functions of complement proteins?

What is produced by the liver in response to inflammatory molecules?

C-reactive Protein (CPR) is a clinical marker used to assess what 2 things?

What is defined as abnormally high body temperature in response to invading microorganisms?

Why are high fevers dangerous?

Moderate fever can be benefitical as it causes what 2 things?

What causes the liver and spleen to sequester iron and zince, which is needed by microorganisms?

Can a moderate fever increase or decrease metabolic rate?

The adaptive immune system is a functional system that does what 3 things?

Is the innate or adaptive immune sytem antigen-specific?

Is the innate or adaptive immune sytem systemic?

Does the innate or adaptive immune sytem have memory?

The adaptive immune defenses  have 2 seperate, but overlapping arms... what are they?

Which of the 2 seperate but overlapping arms of the adaptive immune defenses is the antibody-mediated immunity?

Which of the 2 seperate but overlapping arms of the adaptive immune defenses is cell-mediated immunity?

What are substances that can mobilize the immune system and provoke an immune response?

What is the ability to stimulate proliferation of specific lymphocytes and antibody production defined as?

What is the ability to react with products of activated lymphocytes and the antibodies released inresponse to them defined as?

What are incompleted antigens defined as?

Where are 4 places haptens could be found in?

If haptens link up with the body's proteins, what may be the adaptive immune system do?

What are self-antigens called?

What are our cells dotted with?

Our cells are dotted with protein molecules (self-antigens). Are they antigenic to us?

Our cells are dotted with protein molecules (self-antigens). Are they antigenic to others?

What are the 2 classes of MHC (major histocompatibility complex)?

Which of the 2 classes of MHC (major histocompatibility complex) are found on virtually all body cells?

Which of the 2 classes of MHC (major histocompatibility complex) are found on certain cells in the immune response?

Are B and T lymphocytes part of the innate or adaptive immune system?

Which of the 2 types of lymphocytes oversee humoral immunity?

Which of the 2 types of lymphocytes are non-antibody producing cells that constitute the cell-mediated arm of immunity?

Are mature OR immature lymphocytes that are released from bone marrow essentially identical?

What depends on whether a lymphocyte matures into a B cell or T cell?

Where do B cells mature?

Where do T cells mature?

What 2 things do lymphocytes have when they mature?

What are lymphocytes able to do once they mature?

Are mature, immature, or naive (unexposed) B and T cells exported to lymph nodes, spleen and other lymphoid tissue?

Where are naive (unexposed) B and T cells are exported to?

Do T cells mature in the thymus under negative or postive selection pressures?

Does positive or negative selection eliminate T cells that are strongly anti-self?

Does positive or negative selection selectT cells with a weak response to self-antigens, which thus become both immunocompetent and self-tolerant?

Only about what percent of T cells survive positive selection?

Do only about 2% of the T cells survive in positive or negative selection?

What are self reactive B cells eliminated by?

What do self-reactive B cells undergo?

Wha happens when self-reactive B cells escape from the bone marrow?

Immunocompetent B or T cells  display a unique type of receptors that responds to a what?

When do Immunocompetent B or T cells become immunocompetent?

Where are Immunocompetent B or T cells exported to where they encounter antigens?

Immunocompetent B or T cells mature into fully funcitional antigen-activated cells upon binding with thier what?

What determine which foreign substances our immune system will recognize and resist?

What are the 2 major roles of antigen presenting cells (APCs) in immunity?

What are the 3 major types of Antigen- Presenting Cells (APCs) and where are they found?

Which major types of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) present antigens and activate T cells?

Which major types of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) mostly remain fixed in the lymphoid organs?

Which major types of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) internalize pathogens and enter lymphatics to present the antigens to T cells in the lymphoid organs?

Activated T cells release chemicals that produce __1__ to become insatiable __2__ and to secrete __3__.

Where is defined as the first encounter between an antigen and a naive immunocompetent cell?

Where does antigen challenge take place?

If the lymphocyte is a B cell, what kind of immune response does the challenging antigen provoke?

If the lymphocte is a B cell, the challenging antigen provokes a humoral response. What are produced against the challenger?

What do most clone cells become?

What do most clone cells that become plasma cells secrete?

At what rate do most clone cells that become plasma cells secrete antibodies and for how many days?

What are the 3 main function of the antibodies secreted by clone cells?

What do clone cells that do not become plasma cells become?

Clone cells that do not become plasma cells become memory cells. What are the 2 functions of these memory cells?

In immunological memory, what is defined as the cellular differentiation and proliferation, which occurs on the first exposure to aspecific antigen

What isthe lag period of the primary immune response in the immunoligical memory?

In how many days are the peak levels of the plasma antibody achieved of the primary immune response in the immunoligical memory?

After peak levels of the plasma antibody are achieved after ten days of the primary immune response in the immunoligical memory, do antibody levels incline or decline?

In immunological memory, what is defined as re-exposure to the same antigen?

What is the lag time of sensitized memory cells in secondary immune response?

Do antibody levels peak in 2 to 3 days much higher in primary OR secondary immune response?

Do antibodies bind with greater affinity, and their levels in the blood can remain high for weeks to months in primary or secondary immune response?

Which cells in active humoral immunity encounter antigens and produce antibodies against them?

Is naturally OR artificially acquired active humoral immunity response to a bacterial/ viral infection?

Is naturally OR artificially acquired active humoral immunity response to a vaccine of dead or attenuated pathogens?

How does passive humoral immunity differ from active immunity?

Are B cells challenged by antigens in Passive humoral immunity?

Does immunological memory occur in passive humoral immunity?

When does protection end in passive humoral immunity?

Is naturally OR artifically aquired of the passive humoral immunity from the mother to her fetus via placenta?

Is naturally OR artifically aquired of the passive humoral immunity from the injection of serum, such as gamma globulin?

What are also called immunoglobulins?

What are the 5 classes of antibodies?

Which class of antibodies is the first antibody released?

Which class of antibodies is a potent agglutinating agent?

Which class of antibodies readily fixes and activates complement?

Which class of antibodies is in muscus and other secretions?

Which class of antibodies helps prevent entry of pathogens?

Which class of antibodies is attached to the surface of B cells?

Which class of antibodies functions as a B cell receptor?

Which class of antibodies are about 75-85% of the antibodies in plasma?

Which class of antibodies is the most abundant?

Which class of antibodies is from secondary and late primary responses?

Which class of antibodies crosses the placental barrier?

Which class of antibodies is active in some allergies and parasitic infections?

Which class of antibodies causes mast cells and basophils to release histamine?

Do antibodies themselves destroy antigen?

Since antibodies themselves don't destroy antigens, what do they do to them?

What complex do all antibodies form?

What are the 4 defense mechanisms used by the antibodies?

Which defensive mechanism used by antibodies is the simplest?

In which defensive mechanism used by antibodies do antibodies block specific sites on viruses or bacterial exotoxins?

Which defensive mechanism used by antibodies prevent antigens from binding to receptors on tissue cells?

Which defensive mechanism used by antibodies do antigen-antibody complexes undergo phagocytosis?

Which defensive mechanism used by antibodies do antibodies undergo the same determinant on more than one cell-bound antigen?

Which defensive mechanism used by antibodies do cross-linked antigen-antibody complexes agglutinate?

Clumping of mismatched blood cells is an example of which defensive mechanism used by antibodies?

Which defensive mechanism used by antibodies are soluble molecules cross-linked?

Which defensive mechanism used by antibodies do complexes precipitate and are subject to phagocytosis?

Which defensive mechanism used by antibodies is the main antibody defense against cellular antigens (such as bacteria or mismatched RBCs)?

Which defensive mechanism used by antibodies do several antibodies bind close together on a cellular antigen?

Which defensive mechanism used by antibodies do complement-binding sites trigger complement fixation into the cell's surface?

Which defensive mechanism used by antibodies triggers cell lysis?

Which defensive mechanism used by antibodies amplifies the inflammatory response?

Which defensive mechanism used by antibodies enhances phagocytosis?

Which defensive mechanism used by antibodies enlists more and more defensive elements?

Since antibodies are useless against intracellular antigens, what is needed?

Are antibodies useless against intracellular antigens?

What are the 2 mahor populations of T cells that mediate intracelluar activity?

Which of the 2 major types of T cells become helper T cells (T_H) when activated?

Which of the 2 major types of T cells become cytotoxic T cells (T_C) that destroy cells harboring foreign antigens?

Besides the major types, what are the other 2 types of T cells?

T cells recognize and respond only to what?

What cells are best suited for cell-to-cell interactions?

Which cells target cells infected with viruses, bacteria, or intracellular parasites?

Which cells target abnormal or cancerous cells?

Which cells target cells of infused or transplanted foreign tissue?

When are immunocompetent T cells activated?

What are 2 things that T cells must simultaneously recognize?

What are the 2 types of MHC proteins that are important to T cell activation?

Which of the 2 types of MHC proteins that are important to T cell activation, is displayed by all cells except RBCs?

Which of the 2 types of MHC proteins that are important to T cell activation, are recognized by cytotoxic T cells?

Which of the 2 types of MHC proteins that are important to T cell activation, is displayed by APCs (dendritic cells, macrophages and B cells)?

Which of the 2 types of MHC proteins that are important to T cell activation, is recognized by helper T cells?

What provides the key for the immune system to recognize the presence of intracellular microorganisms?

During antigen recognition, when are MHC proteins ignored by T cells?

How long does it take for primary T cell response to peak?

T cell apotosis occus within how many days?

Does effector activity wane as the amount of antigen inclines OR declines?

What is the benefit for apotosis during T cell activation?

Do memory T cells remain and mediate secondary responses?

What are mediators involved in cellular immunity, that are released by activated T cells and macrophages?

What are the 2 types of cytokines?

What mediators involved in cellular immunity are also co-stimultors of T cell and T proliferation?

Which type of cytokines are released by macrophages co-stimulates bound T cells to release interleukin-2 (IL-2)?

Which type of cytokines are released by macrophages co-stimulates bound T cells to synthesize more IL-2 receptors?

Which type of cytokines is a key growth factor, which sets up a positive feedback cycle that encourages activated T cells to divide?

Which type of cytokine is used therapeutically to enhance the body's defenses against cancer (melatonin & kidney)?

Perforin and lymphotoxin are cell toxins that are examples of what?

Whats an example of a cytokine that enhances the killing power of macrophages?

What are examples of cytokines that are cell toxins?

Which type of T cells play a central role in the adaptive immune response?

Which type of T cells help activate T and B cells once they are primed by APC presntation of antigen?

Which type of T cells induce T and B cell proliferation once they are primed by APC presntation of antigen?

Which type of T cells activate macrophages and recruit other immune cells once they are primed by APC presntation of antigen?

Can there be an immune response without T_H?

Which type of T cells stimulate B cells to divide more rapidly and bein antibody formation?

How may B cells be activated without T_H cells?

Do most antigens require T_H co-stimulation to activate B cells?

Which type of T cells DIRECTLY attack and kill other cells?

Which type of T cells circulate in the blood, lymph, and lymphoid organs in search of the body's cells displaying antigen they recognize?

Cytotoxic T cells target which 4 types of cells?

In some cases, which type of T cell can bind to a recepotor on the target cell and stimulate apoptosis?

What are the 3 mechanisms to which cytotoxic T cells deliver a lethal hit to thier targets?

Are natural killer cells a non-specific defense?

Natural Killer cells use the same key mechanisms for killing their targets as which type of T cells?

Which type of T cells dampen the immune response by direct contact or inhibitory cytokines?

Which type of t cells are important in preventing autoimmune reactions?

What are the 4 major types of grafts for organ transplants?

Which of the 4 major types of graphs is a graft transplanted from one site on the body to another in the same person?

Which of the 4 major types of grafts is a graft between identical twins?

Which of the 4 major types of grafts is transplants between individuals that are not identical twins, but belong to same species?

Which of the 4 major types of graphs are grafts taken from another animal species?

After an organ transplant, what kind of therapy is a patient treated with to prevent rejection?

After an organ transplant, what kind of drugs is a patient treated with to prevent rejection?

What ind of severe side effects can immunosuppresent drugs cause to a patient who is using them for an organ transplant?

Immunodefeciencies are ____ and ____ conditions that cause immune cells, phagocytes, or complement to behave abnormally.

Which immunodeficiency disease is a genetic defect?

Which immunodeficiency disease is marked deficit in B and T cells?

Which immunodeficiency disease has abnormalities in interleikin receptors?

Whcih immunodeficiency disease contain defective adenosine deaminase (ADA) enzyme that metabolites lethal to T cell accumulation?

Is Severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID) fatal if untreated?

How is Severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID) treated?

Which immunodeficiency disease is aquired?

Which immunodeficiency disease is the cancer of the B cells?

Which immunodeficiency disease leads to immunodeficiency by depressing lymph node cells?

What year was AIDS first identified?

Which immunodeficiency disease cripples the immune system by interfering with the activity of helper T cells?

Which immunodeficiency disease is characterized by severe wieght loss, night seats, and swollen lymph nodes?

In which immunodeficiency disease do opportunistic infections occur, including pneumocystis pneumonia and Kaposi's sarcoma?

Which immunodeficiency disease is the 6th leading killer of all Americans from ages 25-44?

AIDS is now the __#__ leading killer of all Americans from ages _____.

The cause of which immunodeficiency disease is associated with HIV?

Which immunodeficiency disease is a retrovirus transmitted via body fluids such as blood, semen, and vaginal secretions?

What are 3 ways HIV can enter the body?

Which immunodeficiency disease destroys TH cells?

Which immunodeficiency disease depresses the cell-mediated immunity?

Which immunodeficiency disease multiplies in the lymph nodes throughout the asymptomatic period?

How long does it take for symptoms of HIV to appear?

Within how long will MOST people develope detectable antibodies?

What % of ppl with HIV will develope antibodies in the first 3 months following the time of thier infection?

97% of ppl infected with HIV will develop antiboies in the within the first how many months?

In very rare cases, how long can HIV take up to develop antibodies to HIV?

When HIV enters the cell, what does it use to produce DNA from viral RNA?

HIV produces a DNA copy called a ____ that directs the host cell to make viral RNA and proteins, enabling the virus to reporduce.

What does HIV transcriptase produce frequntly that has a high mutation rate and resistance to drugs?

Which immunodeficiency disease is treatment with antiviral drugs used?

Which immunodeficiency disease use reverse transcriptase inhibitors (AZT)?

Reverse transcriptase inhibitors (AZT) was 1st synthesized in what year to treat what (which failed)?

Which immunodeficiency disease use protease inhibitors (saquinavir and ritonavir)?

Which immunodeficiency disease use new fusion inhibitors that block HIV's entrance to helper T cells?

Which kind of diseas is a loss of the immune system's ability to distinguish self from nonself?

Does the body produce autoantibodies and sensitized T_C cells that destroy its own tissues in an immunodefieciency OR autoimmune disease?

What are 7 examples of an autoimmune diease?

What are immune responses that cause tissue damage defined as?

Different types of hypersensitivity reactions are distinguished by what 2 things?

Do antibodies or T cells cause immediate and subacute hypersensitivities?

Do antibodies or t cells cause delayed hypersensitivity?

What is an immediate hypersensitivity that begin in seconds after contact with allergen?

What is an immediate hypersensitivity that it's initial contact is asymptomatic but sensitizes the person?

Which type of immediate hypersensitivity has a reaction that may be local or systemic?

What is an immediate hypersensitivity that is also known as allergies?

what is a severe systematic resonse to allergen that directly enter the blood?

During what are basophils and mast cells are enlisted throughout the body?

Systemic histamine releases from an anaphylactic shock may cause what 3 things?

How is anaphyliactic shock from an allergy treated?

What are caused by IgM and IgG, and transferred via blood plasma or serum?

In ubacute hypersensitivies, is onset high or low after antigen exposure?

How long is the duration of a subacute hypersensitivty?

Is acute (type I) hypersensitivity an immediate, subacute, or delayed hypersensitivity?

In what kind of reactions do antibodies bind to antigens on specific body cells, stimulating phagocytosis and complement-mediated lysis of the cellular antigens?

A mismatched blood transfusion reaction is an example of what type of reaction?