What are the 2 intristic systems of the immune system?
Innate (nonspecific) defense system
Adaptive (specific) defense system
Which of the 2 intristic systems of the immune system responds more quickly?
Innate (nonspecific) defense system
The innate (nonspecific) defense system consists of what 2 things?
First line of defense
Second line of defense
The skin and mucosae prevent entry of microorganisms in which line of defense in the intristic (nonspecific) defense system?
First line of defense
Antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other cells are found in which line of defense in the intristic (nonspecific) defense system?
Second line of defense
In the innate (nonspecific) defense system, what inhibit the spread of invaders throughout the body?
Second line of defense
In the second line of defense of the innate (nonspecific) defense system, what is the most important mechanism?
Inflammation
Which of the 2 intristic systems of the immune system takes longer to react?
Adaptive (specific) defense system
Is the 3rd line of defense part of the innate or adaptive defense system?
Adaptive (specific) defense system
In the adaptive (specific) defense system, what mounts attack against particular foreign substances?
Third line of defense
What are the surface barriers that make up the first line of defense?
Skin, muscous membranes, and thier secretions
What is in the skin and presents a physical barrier to most microorganisms?
Keratin
What is keratin resistant to?
Weak acids and bases
Bacterial enzymes
Toxins
What produce protective chemicals that destroy microorganisms?
Epithelial membranes
Which epithelial chemical barrier inhibits bacterial growth?
skin acidity
What is the pH to the skin's acidity?
pH of 3 to 5
Which epithelial chemical barrier contains chemicals toxic to bacteria?
Sebum
What are the delivery system of dynamic structures that begins and ends at the heart?
Blood vessels
What are the 3 types of blood vessels?
Arteries, capillaries, and veins
Which type of blood vessels carry blood away from the heart?
Arteries
Arteries are oxygenated except for which 2 things?
Pulmonary circulation
Umbilical vessels of the fetus
Which type of blood vessels contact tissue cells and directly serve cellular needs?
Capillaries
Which type of blood vessels carry blood towards the heart?
Veins
What are the 3 tunics arteries and veins are compose of?
Tunica interna (intima)
Tunica media
Tunica externa (adventitia)
What is known as the central blood-containing space surrounded by tunics?
Lumen
Which type of blood vessels are composed of endothelim with sparse basal lamina?
Capillaries
Which tunic is the endothelial layer that lines the lumen of all vessels?
Tunica interna (intima)
Which tunic is the smooth muscle and elastic fiber layer, regulated by the sypathetic nervous system?
Tunica media
Which system is the tunica media regulated by?
sympathetic nervous system
Which tunic controls vasconstriction/ vasodilation of vessels?
Tunica media
Which tunic is made up of collagen fibers that protecct and reinforce vessels?
Tunica externa (adventitia)
What nourish the external tissues of the blood vessel wall?
Vasa vasorum "vessels of the vessels"
What do larger vessels contain?
vasa vasorum "vessels of the vessels"
Which type of arteries are the thick walled arteries near the heart?
Elastic (conducting) arteries
The aorta and its major branches are part of which type of arteries?
Elastic (conducting) arteries
Which type of arteries have large lumen that allow low- resistance conduction of blood?
Elastic (conducting) arteries
What do the elastic (conductive) arteries contain in all 3 tunics?
Elastin
What do large lumen in the elastic (conducting) arteries allow?
Low-resistance conduction of blood
Which type of arteries act as pressure reservoirs?
Elastic (conducting) arteries
How do elastic (conducting) arteries act as pressure reservoirs?
They expand and recoil as blood is ejected from the heart.
Muscular (distributing) arteries are _____ to elastic arteries.
distal
Which type of arteries deliver blood to the body organs?
Muscular (distributing) arteries
Which type of arteries have thick tunica media with more smooth muscle?
Muscular (distributing) arteries
Which type of arteries are active in vasocontriction?
Muscular (distributing) arteries
What are known as the smallest arteries?
Arterioles
Which type of arties lead to capillary beds?
Arterioles
Which type of arteries control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation and vasconstriction?
Arterioles
Arterioles control flow into capillary beds by what?
Vasodilation and vasoconstriction
Which type of blood vessels are microscopic?
Capillaries
In which type of blood vessels are walls of thin tunica intima one cell thick?
Capillaries
Because of thier size, how many RBCs can pass through capillaries at a time?
Only a single RBC can pass at a time
Capillaries are found in all tissues except which 4?
Cartilage
Epithelia
Cornea
Lens of eye
What are some functions of capillaries?
Exchange of gases, nutients, wastes, hormones, ect...
What are the 3 structural types of capillaries?
Continuous capillaries
Fenestrated capillaries
Sinusoidal capillaries (sinusoids)
Which of the 3 structural types of capillaries is abundant in the skin and muscles?
Continuous capillaries
What do the continuous capillaries of the brain form?
The blood-brain barrier
Which of the 3 structural types of capillaries are the least permeable and most common?
Continuos capillaries
Which of the 3 structural types of capillaries contain pores?
Fenestrated capillaries
What is another name for pores?
Fenestrations
T or F:
Some endothelial cells contain pores (fenestrations).
True
Which of the 3 structural types of capillaries are more permeable that continuous capillaries?
Fenestrated capillaries
Which of the 3 structural types of capillaries function in absorption or filtrate formation (small intestines, endocrine glands, and kidneys)?
Fenestrated capillaries
Which structural type f capillaries are the least permeable?
Continuos capillaries
Which type of structural capillaries are the most permeable?
Sinusoidal capillaries (sinusoids)
Which type of structural capillaries are most abundanant in the skin and muscles?
continuos capillaries
Which type of structural capillaries are the specialized form of fenestrated capillaries, they are most fenestrated and more porous?
Sinusoidal capillaries
Which type of structural capillaries have fewer tight junctions, larger intercellular clefts, and large lumens?
Sinusoidal capillaries
Which type of structural capillaries allow large molecules and blood cells to pass betwen the blood and surrounding tissues?
Sinusoidal capillaries
Which type of structural capillaries are found in the liver, bone marrow, and spleen?
Sinusoidal capillaries
What is a cuff of smooth muscle that surrounds each true capillary?
Precapillary sphincter
What regulates blood flow into the capillar and how much goes into it?
Precapillary sphincter
What are formed when capillary beds unite?
Venules
What allow fliuds and WBCs to pass from the bloodstream to the tissues?
Venules
What are the smallest venules, composed of endothelium and few pericytes?
Postcapillary venules
Do small or large venules have one or two layers of smooth muscle (tunica media)?
Large venules
What are formed when venules converge?
Veins
What are composed of the tunics, with thin tunica media and thick tunica externa consisting of collagen fibers and elastic networks?
Veins
What are capacitance vessels (blood reservoirs) that contain 65% of the blood supply?
Veins
What are the 2 MAINstructures in the venous system?
Veins and venules
Which has much lower blood pressure: arteries or veins?
Veins
Which have thinner walls: arteries or veins?
Veins
Why do veins have a much lower blood pressure and thinner walls than arteries?
Bceause veins do not have a "pump"
What are specialized, flattened veins with extremely thin walls?
Venous sinuses
What are 2 examples of venus sinuses?
Conoronary sinus of the heart
Dural sinuses of the brain
To return blood to the heart, veins have special adaptations. What are the 2 ANATOMICAL adaptations?
Large-diameter lumens, which offer resistance to flow.
Valves (resembling semilunar heart valves), which prevent backflow of blood.
What are the 3 factors aiding venous return?
Respiratory "pump"
Muscular "pump"
Vasconstriction of veins under sympathetic control.
Which of the 3 factors aiding in venous return have to do with pressure changes created during breathing move blood toward the heart by squeexing abdominal veins as thoracic veins expanded?
Respiratory "pump"
Which of the 3 factors aiding in venous return have to do with contraction of skeletal muscles "milk" blodd toward the heart and valves prevent backflow?
Mulcular "pump"
What is defined as: merging blood vessels?
Vascular anastomoses
Are vasular anastomoses more common in veins or arteries?
More common in veins than arteries.
What do arterial anastomoses provide?
Alternate pathways (collateral channels) for blood to reach a given body region.
Are vasular anastomoses normal in coronary circulation?
YES
In vascular anastomoses, if one branch is blocked, what can supply the area with adequate blood supply?
The collateral channel can supply the area with adequate blood supply.
What is defined as the actual volume of blood flowing through a vessel, an organ, or the entire circulation in a given period of time?
Blood flow
Blood flow is measured in units of what?
mL per min (mL/min)
Considering the entire vascular system, what is blood flow equivalent to?
Cardiac output (CO)
When is blood flow relatively constant?
At rest
Does blood flow vary widely through individual organs?
YES
What is known as the force per unit area exerted on the wall of a blood vessel by its contained blood?
Blood Pressure (BP)
What unit is blood pressure (BP) expressed in?
mm of mercury (mm Hg)
What is blood pressure measured in reference to in large arteries near the heart?
Systemic arterial BP
Where is blood pressure measured in reference to systemic arterial BP?
In large arteries near the heart.
What is the opposition to flow?
Resistance
What is the measure of the amount of friction the blood encounters?
Resistance
What else is resistance referred to as?
Peripheral resistance (PR)
What are the 3 important sources of resistance?
1. Blood viscosity
2. Total blood vessel length
3. Blood vessel diameter
Is resistance directly or indirectly proportional to blood flow?
Indirectly proportional
As resistance decreases, does blood flow increase or decrease?
It increases
As resistance increases, does blood flow increase or decrease?
It decreases
As viscosity increases, what happens to resistance and blood flow (do they increase or decrease)?
Resisance increases and flow decreases
What are the 2 factors of resistance that remain relatively constant?
Blood viscosity
Blood vessel length
What is the "stickiness" of the blood due to formed elements and plasma proteins?
Blood viscosity
The longer the vessel, is there greater or lesser resistance encountered?
Greater
What are the major determinanatd of peripheral resistance?
Small-diameter arterioles
Abrupt changes in diameter or fatty plaques from which disease dramatically increas resistance?
Atherosclerosis
When there is less elasticity, is there more or less resistance?
More
When there is more elasticity, is there more or less resistance?
Less
Does vasoconstriction on an artery create a larger or smaller lumen?
Smaller
Does vasoconstriction on an artery create more or less resistance?
More
Does vasoconstriction on an artery create more or less flow?
Less
Does vasodilation on an artery create a larger or smaller lumen?
Larger
Does vasodilation on an artery create more or less resistance?
Less
Does vasodilation on an artery create more or less flow?
More
Which disease is hardening of the arteries?
Arteriosclerosis
Which diease is fatty plaque formation in the arterial walls?
Atherosclerosis
Is blood flow (F) directly or indirectly proportional to the blood (hydrostatic) pressure gradient?
Directly
If presure gradient increases, does blood flow slow down or speed up?
Speed up
Is blood flow directly or inversely proportional to peripheral resistance (R)?
Inversely
Why is resistance more important in influencing local blood flow?
Because it is easily changed by altering blood vessel diameter.
What does the pumping action of the heart generate?
Blood flow
During systemic blood pressure, when does pressure result?
When flow is opposed by resistance.
Where is systemic pressure the highest?
In the aorta
Does system pressure incline or decline throughout the pathway?
Declines
What is the value of systemic pressure of mm Hg in the right atrium?
0 mm Hg
Atrerial BP reflects two factors of the arteries close to the heart. What are the 2 factors?
Thier elasticity (compliance or distensibility).
The amount of blood forced into them at any given time.
What is defined as the pressure exterted on atrial walls during ventricular contraction?
Systolic pressure
What is defined as the lowest level of arterial pressure?
Diastolic pressure
What is dfined as pressure that propels the blood to the tissues (average blood pressure in an individual)?
Mean aterial pressure (MAP)
OR
Blood pressure
What are the 3 main factors influencing blood pressure?
Cardiac output (CO)
Perpheral resistance (PR)
Blood volume
What is blood pressure equal to?
Cardiac Output x Peripheral Resistance
(CO x PR)
RESTING or UNDER STRESS)
In Cardiac output, when is the heart rate is controlled by the cardioinhibitory center via the vegas nerve.
(RESTING or UNDER STRESS)
In Cardiac output, when does the cardioaccelatory center increase heart rate and stroke volume?
Under stress
If something effects peripheral resistance, will it effect pressure?
YES
Is the short-term OR long-term controls of blood pressure mediated by neural and hormonal controls?
Short-term
Short-term controls counteract fluctuations in blood pressure by alternating what?
Peripheral resistance
Is counteract fluctuations in blood pressure by alternating peripheral resistance part of short-term controls of blood pressure or long-term controls of blood pressure?
Short-term
Is the short-term OR long-term controls of blood pressure mediated by renal regulation?
Long-term
Long-term counteracts fluctuations in the blood pressure by alternating what?
Blood volume
Is counteract fluctuations in blood pressure by alternating blood volume part of short-term controls of blood pressure or long-term controls of blood pressure?
Long-term
What is the vasomotor center plus the cardiac centers that integrate blood pressure control by altering cardiac output and blood vessel diamter?
Cardiovascular center
The cardiovascular center is the vasomotor center plus the cardiac centers that integrate blood pressure control by alternating what 2 things?
Cardiac output
Blood vessel diameter
Which center oversees changes in the blood vessel diamter?
Vasomotor center
For the short term mechanism, in vasometer activity, what does increased sympathetic activity cause?
Vasoconstriction and rise in BP
For the short term mechanism, in vasometer activity, what does decreased sympathetic activity cause?
BP to decline
Does an increased resistance increase or decrease blood pressure?
Increases
Does decreased resisantce increase or decrease blood pressure?
Decreases
For short term mechanisms, in chemical controls, what is blood pressure regulated by?
Chemoreceptor reflexes sensistive to oxygen and carbon dioxide.
What are the prominent chemoreceptors that blood pressure is regulated by?
Carotid and aortic bodies
Which hormones in the adrenal medulla increase blood pressure?
Norepinephrine and epinephrine
Which hormones cause vasoconstriction and increase cardiac output?
Adrenal medulla hormones
Which hormone causes intesnse vasocontriction in cause of extremely low BP?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (Vasopressin)
Kidney release of renin generates what that causes vasoconstriction?
Angiotensin II
Adrenal medulla hormones, ADH, and Angiotensin II... vasoconstrictors or vasodialators?
Vasoconstrictors
Which chemical causes blood volume and pressure to decline and is produced by the atria of the heart?
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Which chemical is a brief but potent vasodiator?
Nitric oxide (NO)
What is one exmple of an infammatory chemical?
Histamine
Is histamine a vasocontricor or vasodialator?
Vasodilator
Does alcohol cause BP to increase or drop?
Causes it to drop by inhibiting ADH
ANP, NO, Infammatory chemicals, and alcohol... are these chemicals vasocontrictors or vasodialators?
For long-term mechanisms, in renal regulation which organs act directly and indirectly to maintain long-term blood pressure.
Kidneys
Do direct or indirect mechanisms alter blood volume in the long term mechanism?
Direct
Do direct or indirect mechanisms involve the reninangiotensin mechanism for long-term?
Indirect
Which mechanism alters blood volume independently of hormones?
Direct renal mechanism
In direct renal mechanism, does increased or decreased BP/blood volume cause the kidneys to eliminate or more urine, thus reducing BP?
Increased
In direct renal mechansim, does increased or decreased BP/ blood volume cause the kidneys to converse water and raise BP?
Decreased
Is the renin-angiotensin mechanism a direct or indirect mechanism?
Indirect
In the renin-angiotensin mechanism, when atrial blood pressure declines, what enymatic hormone does it release?
Renin
In the renin-angiotensin mechanism, what is produced when renin triggers a series of reactions?
Angiotensin II
In the renin-angiotensin mechanism, is renin released when atrial blood pressure inclines or declines?
Declines
Is angiotensin II a potent vasoconstrictor or vasodialtor?
Vasoconstrictor
In the renin-angiotensin mechanism, angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete what?
Alderosterone
In the renin-angiotensin mechanism, what enhances renal absorption of sodium and declines urine formation?
Aldosterone
In the renin-angiotensin mechanism, does aldosterone increase or decrease urine formation?
Decrease
In the renin-angiotensin mechanism, what stimulates ADH release?
Angiotensin II
What can the efficiency of the circulation be assesed by?
Taking pulse and blood pressure measurements
When monitoring ciculatory efficiency, what are known as the pulse and blood pressure, along with respiratory rate and body temperature?
Vital signs
When monitoring ciculatory efficiency, what is known as the pressure wave caused by the expansion and recoil of elastic arteries?
Pulse
What are the 3 things pulse varies with?
Health, body postion, and activity
Which pulse is taken on the radial artery at the wrist?
Radial pulse
The systemic arterial BP is measured indirectly with which method?
Auscultatory method
Is the systemic arterial BP measured directly or indirectly with the ausculatory method?
Indirectly
What are the 3 steps for measuring blood pressure?
A sphygmomanometer is placed on the arm superior to the elbow.
Pressure is increased in the cuff until it is greater than systolic pressure in the brachial artery.
Pressure is released slowly and the examiner listens with a stethoscope.
When measuring blood pressure, the first sound heard is recorded as the _____ pressure.
Systolic
What are values of a normal systolic pressure in mm Hg?
110-140
When measuring blood pressure, when pressure sounds disappears, it is recorded as the _____ pressure.
Diastolic
What are values of a nornal diatolic pressure in mm Hg?
70-80 mm Hg
How long of a period do blood pressures cycle?
24 hour period
Due to levels o hormones, does BP peak in the morning, afternoon, or night?
Morning
What are 8 extrinsic factors that may cause BP to vary?
Age
Sex
Weight
Race
Mood
Posture
Socioeconomic status
Physical activity
What low blood pressure defined as?
Hypotension
Hypotension has a systolic pressure below _____ mm Hg.
100
What is hypotension often associated with?
Long life and lack of cardiovascular illness.
What are 3 homeostatic imbalances of hypotension?
Orthostatic hypotension
Chronic hypotension
Acute hypotension
Which homeostatic imbalance of hypotension has characteristics of temporary low BP and dizziness when suddenly rising from a sitting or reclining position?
Orthostatic hypotension
Which homeostatic imbalance of hypotension results from a hint of poor nutrition and warning sign for Addison's disease (adrenal insufficiency) or hypothyroidism?
Chronic hypotension
Which homeostatic imbalance of hypotension is an important sign of circulatory shock?
Acute hypotension
What is defined as high blood pressure?
Hypertension
Hypertension has a sustained elevated arterial pressure of __/__ or higher.
140/90
Hypertension transient elevations in systolic pressure occur as normal elevations during which 3 conditions?
Fever
Physical exertion
Emotional upset
Is hypertension or hypotension often persistent in obese people?
Hypertension
Prolonged hypertension is a major cause of what 4 things?
Heart failure
Vascular disease
Renal failure
Stroke
About what % of people have primary or essential hypertension?
90%
Primary or essential hypertension is due to several risk factors such as:
Hereditary
Diet
Obesity
Age
Stress
Diabetes mellitus
Smoking
Is primary or secondary hypertension less common?
Seconday
Is primary or secondary hypertension due to identifiable disorders, including kidney disease, arteriosclerosis, and endocrine disorders such as hyperthyroidism and Cushing's syndrome (hyperadrenalism)?
Secondary hypertension
What is defined as automatic adjustment of blood flow to each tissue in proportion to its requirements at any given point in time?
Autoregulation
What occurs when short-term autoregulation cannot meet tissue nutrient requirements?
Angiogensis
Is Angiogensis a short-term or long-term autoregulation?
Long-term
What 2 things happen to vessels in Angiogenesis?
The number of vessels to a region increases.
Exsistig vessels enlarge
When is Angiogenesis common in the heart?
When a coronary vessel is occluded.
Throughtout the body in people in high altitude areas.
Can muscle blood flow increase or decrease tenfold during physical activity as vasodilation occurs?
Increase
Muscle blood flow can increase tenfold or more during physical activity as vasoconstriction OR vasodilation occurs?
Vasodilation
Blood flow to the brain is ____, as neurons are intolerant of ischemia.
Constant
Blood flow to the brain decreases in pH and increased carbon dioxide cause marked vasodilation. Is this a metabolic control or myogenic control?
Metabolic control
During blood flow to the brain, myogenic controls increase OR decrease in MAP cause cerebral vessels to dialte?
Decreases
During blood flow to the brain, myogenic controls increase OR decrease in MAP cause cerebral vessels to contrict?
Increases
During blood flow to the brain, metabolic controls, declines in __1__, and increased __2__cause marked vasodilation.
1. pH
2. Carbon dioxide
During blood flow to the brain, metabolic controls, declines in pH, and increased carbon dioxide cause marked vasoconstriction OR vasodilation?
Vasodilation
The brain is vulnerable under extreme systemic pressure changes. MAP below _____ mm Hg can cause syncope (fainting).
60 mm Hg
The brain is vulnerable under extreme systemic pressure changes. MAP above _____ mm Hg can result in cerebral edema.
160 mm Hg
What are 3 things in the blood flow through the skin does?
Supplies nutrients to the cells in response to oxygen need.
Helps maintain body temperature.
Provides a blood reservoir.
In blood flow to the heart, what 2 things happen during strenuous excercise?
Cornonary vessels dialte in response to local accumulation of vasodilators.
Blood flow may release 3 to 4 times.
What results in any condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally?
Circulatory shock.
What results in inadequate blood blood to meet tissue needs?
Circulaory shock
What are the 3 types of circulatory shock?
Hypovolemic shock
Vascular shock
Cardiogenic shock
Which type of circulatory shock results from large-scale blood loss?
Hypovolemic shock
Which type of circulatory shock is a poorcirculation resulting from extreme vasodilation?
Vascular shock
Which type of circulartory shock the heart cannot sustain adequate circulation?
Cardiogenic shock
Myocardial damage (multiple infarcts) is an exapmple of which type of circulatory shock?
Cardiogenic shock
Anaphylactic shock – a systemic allergicreaction, is an exapmle of which type of circulatory shock?
Vascular shock
What are the 2 distinct circulations in the vascular system?
Pulmonary and Systemic circulation
The heart pumps by which week of developement?
Th 4th week
What are the 3 parts of the lymphatic system?
A network of lymphatic vessels (lymphatics)
Lymph
Lymph nodes
Is the lymphatic system a one or two way system?
One -way system
In the lymphatic system, do lymphs flow towards the heart or away from the heart?
Towards the heart
What is another name for lymph vessels?
Lymphatics
Lymph vessels (lymphatics) include what 3 types?
Lymphatic capillaries.
Lymphatic collecting vessels.
Lymphatic trunks and ducts.
What are the 3 main functions of the lymphatic system?
1. Drain excess interstiail fluid
2. Transport dietry lipid.
3. Carry out immune responses.
Once interstital fluid enters lymphatics, what is it called?
Lymph
Are lymphatic capillaries similar to blood capillaries?
YES
Lymphatic capillaries are similar to blood capillaries with which 2 modifications?
Very permeable.
Loosely joined endoethelia minivalves.
Lymphatic capillaries are absent in which 3 areas?
Bones
Teeth
Bone marrow
CNS
What are 2 ways minivalves function as one way gates?
Allow interstial fluid to enter lymph capillaries.
Do not allow lymph to escape from the capillaries.
In the lymphatic capillaries, what allow interstitial fluid to enter the lymph capillaries?
Minivalves
In the lymphatic capillaries, what do not allow lymph to escape from capillaries?
Minivalves
During inflammation, what 3 things can lymph capillaries absorb?
Cell debris
Pathogens
Cancer cells
Cells in the what "clease" and "examine"?
Lymph nodes
What are defined as specialized lymph capillaries present in intestinal mucosa?
Lacteals
What in the lymph capillaries absorb digested fats and deliver fatty lymph (chyle) to the blood?
Lacteals
What are formed by the union of the largest collecting ducts?
Lymphatic trunks
What are 2 large ducts lymph can be delivered into?
Right lymphatic duct
Thoracic duct
Which of the 2 large ducts that lymph is delivered into, drains the right upper arm and the right side of the heard and thorax?
Right lymphatic duct
Which of the 2 large ducts that lymph is delivered into arises from the cisterna chyli and drains the rest of the body?
Tharacic duct
Lymphis delivered into one of two large ducts: right lymphatic duct and thoacic duct. Each empties lymph into venous circulation at the junction of the ____ and ____ on its own side of the body
Internal jugular
Subclavian veins
Does the lymphatic system have a pumping organ?
NO, it lacks a pumping organ
In lymph transport, what are low pressure conduits?
Vessels
Lymph transport uses the similar methods as _____ to propel lymph.
Veins
Lymph transport uses the similar 5 methods as veins to propel lymph. What are they?
Muscular pump
Respiratory pump
Contractions of smooth muscle.
Valves to prevent backflow.
Pulsations of nearby arteries (unique to lymph vessels).
What are the main cells involved in immune response?
Lymphocytes
What are the 2 main varieties of lymphoid cells?
T cells (T lymphotcytes)
B cells (B lymphocytes)
Which cells protect the body against antigens?
T cells and B cells (lymphocytes)
Anything the body percieves as foreign is defined as what?
Antigen
What are 4 examples of antigens?
Backetia and thier toxins
Viruses
Mismatched RBCs
Cancer cells
Which type of lymphocytes manage the immune response?
T cells
Which type of lymphocytes attack and destroy foreign cells?
T cells
Which type of lymphocytes produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies?
B cells
Which type of lymphocytes secrete antibodies that immobilize antigens?
B cells
What immobilize antigens?
Antibodies
Which type of lymphoid cells phagocytize foreign substances and help activate T cells.
Macrophages
Which type of lymphoid cells capture antigens and deliver them to lymph nodes?
Dendritic cells
Which type of lympoid cells produce stroma that supports other cells in lymphoid organs?
Reticular cells
What are scattered reticular tissue elements in every body organ?
Diffuse lymphatic tissue
What are solid, spherical bodies consisting of tightly packed reticular elements and cells?
Lymphatic follicles (nodules)
What are the principal lympoid organs of the body?
Lymph nodes
What are embedded in connective tissue and clustered along lymphatic vessels?
Lmyph nodes
Aggregations of lymph nodes occur near the body surface in which 3 regions of the body?
Inguinal
Axillary
Cervical Regions
What are the 2 basic functions of lymph nodes?
Filteration
Immune system activation
Which of the 2 basic functions of lymph nodes do macrophages destroy microorganisms and debris?
Filteration
Which of the 2 basic functions of lymph nodes monitor for antigens and mount an attack against them?
Immune system activation
What is the structure of lymph nodes?
Nodes are bean shaped and surrounded by a fibrous capsule.
What are the 2 histologically distinct regions of a lymph node?
Cortex and Medulla
What are the only things that filter lymph?
Lymph nodes
Lymph enters via _____ lymphatic vessels
Afferent
Lymph nodes meander through sinuses and exits the node at the hilus via _____ vessels.
Efferent (remeber "e" for exit)
Are there fewer afferent or efferent vessels of the lymph nodes?
Efferent
Because there are fewer efferent vessels, lymph stagnates someone in the _____.
Node
Because there are fewer efferent vessels, lymph stagnates somewhat in the node. What does this allow lymphotcytes and macrophages time to carry out?
Protective functions
§Because there are fewer efferent vessels, lymph stagnates somewhat in the node. This allow which 2 cells time to carry out protective functions.
Lymphocytes
Macrophages
What is the largest lympoid organ?
Spleen
Which organ is located on the left side of the abdominal cavity beneath the diaphragm?
Spleen
Which organ is served by the splenic artery and vein, which enter and exit the hilus?
Spleen
The spleen is served by which 2 things that enter and exit at the hilus?
Splenic artery and vein
It is served by the splenic artery and vein, which enter and exit at the _____.
Hilus
What are the 3 functions of the spleen and which is the main one?
Site of lymphocyte proliferation.
Immune surveillance and response.
Cleanses blood. (MAIN function)
What is the main function of the spleen?
Cleanses the blood
Which organ stores breakdown products of RBCs for later reuse?
Spleen
Spleen macrophages salavage and store _____ for later use by bone marrow.
Iron
WEhich organ stores blood platelets?
Spleen
Which organ is the site of fetal erythrocyte production (normally ceases after birth)?
Spleen
What are the 2 distinct areas of the spleen?
White pulp
Red pulp
Which area of the spleen contains mostly lymphocytes suspended on reticular fibers and involved in immune function?
White pulp
Which area of the spleen is made up of remaining splenic tissue concerned with disposing of worn out RBCs and bloodborn pathogens?
Red pulp
Which organ is a bilbobed organ that secretes hormones that cause T lymphocytes to become immunecompetent?
Thymus
Whatare the 2 hormones the thymus releases?
Thymosin
Thymopoietin
What does the size of the thymus vary with?
Age
When is the thymus found in the inferior neck and extends into the mediastinum where it partially overlies the heart? Infants, childhoob, or adolescence?
Infants
When does the thymus increase in size and is most active? Infants, childhood, or adolescence?
Childhood
When does the thymus stop growing and then gradually atrophies? Infants, childhood, or adolescence?
Adolescence
The thymic lobes contain an outer __1__ and inner __2__.
1. Cortex
2. Medulla
Thymic _____ contain an outer cortex and inner medulla.
Lobes
What are the 2 importanat ways the thymus differes from other lymphoid organs?
1. It functions strictly in T lymphocyte maturation.
2. It does NOT directly fight antigens.
Which kind of cells secrete hormones (thymosin and thymopoeitin) that stimulate lymphocytes to become immunecompetent?
Thymocytes
Which organs are the simplest lympoid organs?
Tonsils
Which organs form a ring of lymphatic tissue around the pharynx?
Tonsils
What are the 4 types of tonsils (according to location)?
Palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsils
Pharyngeal tonsils
Tubal tonsils
Which tonsils are located on either side of the posterior end of the oral cavity?
Palatine tonsils
Which tonsils lie at the base of the tongue?
Linguial tonsils
Which tonsils are located in the posterior wall of the nasophaynx?
Pharyngeal tonsils
What is another name for pharyngeal tonsils?
Adenoids
Which tonsils surround the openings of the auditory tubes into the pharynx?
Tubal tonsils
What are clusters of lymphoid follicles known as?
Peyer's patches
Where are Peyer's patches located?
In the wall of the distal portion of the small intestine
Where are similar structures of Peyer's patches also found?
In the appendix
What destroy bacteria, preventing them from breaching the intestinal wall?
Peyer's p[atches and appendix
What do Peyer's Patches and the appendix generate?
Memory
What is MALT?
Mucosa- associated lymphatic tissue
What would you find in MALT?
Peyer's patches, tonsils, and the appendix (digestive tract).
Lymphoid nodules in the walls of the bronchi (respiratory tract)
Are Peyer's patches, tonsils, and the appendix part of the digestive or respiratory tract?
Digestive Tract
Are lymphoid nodules in the walls of the bronchi part of the digestive or respiratory tract?
Respiratory
What does MALT protect from foreign matter?
Digestive and Respiratory systems
What does MALT protect the digestive system and respiratory systems from?
Foreign matter
Which epithelial chemical barrier contains chemicals toxic to bacteria?
Sebum
Which epithelial chemical barrier secretes concentrated HCl and protein-dige Saliva and lacrimal sting enzymes?
Stomach mucosae
Which epithelial chemical barrier traps microorganisms that enter the digestive and respiratory systems
Mucus
Epithelial chemical barrier fluid contain which enzymes?
Lysozyme
What trap inhaled particles through the nose?
Mucus-coated ahirs in the nose
Mucosa of which tract is ciliated?
Upper Respiratory Tract
Mucosa of the upper respiratory tract is ciliated. What do the cilia do?
Cilia sweep dust- and bacteria-laden mucus away from lower respiratory passages.
What 5 things are necessary if microorganisms invade deeper tissues?
Phagocytes
Natural Killer (NK) Cells
Inflammatory response
Antimicrobial proteins
Fever
Macrophages, mast cells, WBCs and infammatory chemicals are part of which internal defence cells/chemicals?
Infammatory response
Interferons and complement proteins are part of which internal defense cell/chemicals?
Antimicrobial proteins
What do macrophages developed from monocytes become?
The chief phagocytic cells
What develope from monocytes to become the chief phagocytic cells?
Phagocytes
Do free or fixed macrophages wander through tissue space?
Free
Are alveolar macrophages free or fixed macrophages?
Free
Are free or fixed macrophages permanent residents of some organs?
Fixed
Are kupffer cells free or fixed macrophages?
Fixed
Where would you find Kupffer cells?
The liver
Are microglia free or fixed macrophages?
Fixed
Where would you find microglia?
The brain
When do neutrophils become phagocytic?
When encountering infectious material
Which WBCs/phagocytes become phagocytic when encountering infectious material?
Neutrophils
Which WBCs/phagocytes are weakly phagocytic against paracitic worms?
Eosinophils
Which phagocytes bind and ingest wide range of bacteria?
Mast cells
Which cells that are a part of internal defense are large granular lymphocytes?
Natural Killer (NK) Cells
What are target cells that lack "self" cell-surface receptors called?
Natural Killer (NK) Cells
Naturl Killer (NK) cells induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) in which 2 type of cells?
Cancer cells
Virus-infected cells
Which cells that are a part of internal defense secrete potenet chemicals that enhance the infammatory response?
Natural Killers (NK) Cells
What is the tissue's response to injury?
Infammation
What prevents the spread of damaged agents to nearby tissues?
Infammation
What disposes of cell debris and pathogens and is a park of internal defense?
Infammation
What is a part of internal defense and sets the stage for repair processes?
Infammation
What are the 4 (or 5) cardinal signs of acute inflammation?
Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain
Sometimes Impairment of function
What kind of chemcials cause dilation of arterioles, resulting in hyperemia?
Inflammatory
What kind of chemicals cause increased permeability of local capillaries and edema (leakage of exudate from capillaries to tissue spaces).
Inflammatory
Is inflammation part of vasodilation or vasocontriction?
Vasodilatation
Does inflammation increase or decrease vascular permeability?
Increase
What 3 things does excudate contain?
Proteins, clotting factors, and antibodies.
What is exudate a part of?
Infammation
What is the surge of protein-rich fluids into tissue spaces defined as?
Edema
What kind of internal defense response is edema?
Infammation
What are the 3 main functions of edema?
Helps dilute harmful substances.
Brings in large quantities of oxygen and nutrients needed for repair.
Allows entry of clotting proteins, which prevents the spread of bacteria.
What are the 4 main phases of phagocytic mobilization in inflammatory response?
Leukocytosis
Margination
Diapedesis
Chemotaxis
Which of the 4 main phases in phagocytic mobilization of inflammatory response are neutrophils are released from the bone marrow in response to leukocytosis-inducing factors released by injured cells.
Leukocytosis
Which of the 4 main phases in phagocytic mobilization of inflammatory response are neutrophils cling to the walls of capillaries in the injured area?
Margination
Which of the 4 main phases in phagocytic mobilization of inflammatory response are neutrophils squeeze through capillary walls and begin phagocytosis?
Diapedesis
Which of the 4 main phases in phagocytic mobilization of inflammatory response do inflammatory chemicals attract neutrophils to the injury site?
Chemotaxis
What are a part of internal defense and enhance the innate defenses by attacking microorganisms directly?
Antimicrobial proteins
What are a part of internal defense and enhance the innate defenses by hindering microorganisms ability to reproduce?
Antimicrobial proteins
What are the 2 most important antimicrobial proteins?
Interferons
Complement proteins
What are 2 ways antimicrobial proteins enhance the innate defenses by?
Attacking microorganisms directly.
Hindering microorganisms’ ability to reproduce.
What are produced by lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts infected by viruses?
Interferons
What cells are activated to secrete IFNs?
Viral-infected cells
What do IFNs enter?
Neighboring cells
After IFNs enter neighboring cells, what do neighboring cells produce?
Antiviral proteins that block viral reporduction.
What are the 3 main functions of Interferons?
Anti-viral
Reduce inflammation
Activate macrophages and mobilize NK cells
What are genetically engineered IFNs for?
Antiviral agents against hepatitis and genital warts virus.
Multiple sclerosis treatment.
About 20 proteins that circulate in the blood in an inactive form are known as:
Complement proteins
What are the 4 main functions of complement proteins?
Amplifies all aspects of the inflammatory response.
Kills bacteria and certain other cell types (our cells are immune to complement).
Promotes phagocytosis.
Enhances the effectiveness of both nonspecific and specific defenses.
What is produced by the liver in response to inflammatory molecules?
C-reactive protein (CPR)
C-reactive Protein (CPR) is a clinical marker used to assess what 2 things?
The presence of an acute infection.
An inflammatory condition and its response to treatment.
What is defined as abnormally high body temperature in response to invading microorganisms?
Fever
Why are high fevers dangerous?
Because they can denature enzymes
Moderate fever can be benefitical as it causes what 2 things?
The liver and spleen to sequester iron and zinc (needed by microorganisms).
An increase in the metabolic rate, which speeds up tissue repair.
What causes the liver and spleen to sequester iron and zince, which is needed by microorganisms?
Moderate fever
Can a moderate fever increase or decrease metabolic rate?
Increase, which will speed up tissue repair
The adaptive immune system is a functional system that does what 3 things?
Recognizes specific foreign substances.
Acts to immobilize, neutralize, or destroy foreign substances.
Amplifies inflammatory response.
Activates complement.
Is the innate or adaptive immune sytem antigen-specific?
Adaptive
Is the innate or adaptive immune sytem systemic?
Adaptive
Does the innate or adaptive immune sytem have memory?
Adaptive
The adaptive immune defenses have 2 seperate, but overlapping arms... what are they?
Humoral (antibody-mediated immunity)
Cellular (cell-mediated immunity)
Which of the 2 seperate but overlapping arms of the adaptive immune defenses is the antibody-mediated immunity?
Humoral
Which of the 2 seperate but overlapping arms of the adaptive immune defenses is cell-mediated immunity?
Cellular
What are substances that can mobilize the immune system and provoke an immune response?
Antigens
What is the ability to stimulate proliferation of specific lymphocytes and antibody production defined as?
Immunogenicity
What is the ability to react with products of activated lymphocytes and the antibodies released inresponse to them defined as?
Reactivity
What are incompleted antigens defined as?
haptens
Where are 4 places haptens could be found in?
In poison ivy
Dander
Some detergents
Cosmetics
If haptens link up with the body's proteins, what may be the adaptive immune system do?
Recognize them as foreign and mount a harmul attack (allergy)
What are self-antigens called?
MHC (Major histocompatibility complex) proteins
What are our cells dotted with?
Protein molecules (self-antigens)
Our cells are dotted with protein molecules (self-antigens). Are they antigenic to us?
NO, but they are strongly antigenic to others
Our cells are dotted with protein molecules (self-antigens). Are they antigenic to others?
Yes, they are strongly antigenic to others, but NOT antigenic to us
What are the 2 classes of MHC (major histocompatibility complex)?
Class I MHC proteins
Class II MHC proteins
Which of the 2 classes of MHC (major histocompatibility complex) are found on virtually all body cells?
Class I MHC proteins
Which of the 2 classes of MHC (major histocompatibility complex) are found on certain cells in the immune response?
Class II MHC proteins
Are B and T lymphocytes part of the innate or adaptive immune system?
Adaptive
Which of the 2 types of lymphocytes oversee humoral immunity?
B lymphocytes
Which of the 2 types of lymphocytes are non-antibody producing cells that constitute the cell-mediated arm of immunity?
T lymphocytes
Are mature OR immature lymphocytes that are released from bone marrow essentially identical?
Immature lymphocytes
What depends on whether a lymphocyte matures into a B cell or T cell?
Depends on where in the body it becomes immunocompetent
Where do B cells mature?
In the bone marrow
Where do T cells mature?
In the thymus
What 2 things do lymphocytes have when they mature?
Immunocompetence
Self-tolerance
What are lymphocytes able to do once they mature?
They are able to recognize and bind to a specific antigen
Are mature, immature, or naive (unexposed) B and T cells exported to lymph nodes, spleen and other lymphoid tissue?
Naive (unexposed)
Where are naive (unexposed) B and T cells are exported to?
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Other lymphoid organs
Do T cells mature in the thymus under negative or postive selection pressures?
BOTH!
Does positive or negative selection eliminate T cells that are strongly anti-self?
Negative
Does positive or negative selection selectT cells with a weak response to self-antigens, which thus become both immunocompetent and self-tolerant?
Positive
Only about what percent of T cells survive positive selection?
2%
Do only about 2% of the T cells survive in positive or negative selection?
Positive
What are self reactive B cells eliminated by?
Apoptosis (colonal deletion)
What do self-reactive B cells undergo?
Receptive editing- rearrangement of thier receptors
Wha happens when self-reactive B cells escape from the bone marrow?
They are inactivated (anergy)
Immunocompetent B or T cells display a unique type of receptors that responds to a what?
A distinct antigen
When do Immunocompetent B or T cells become immunocompetent?
Before they encounter antigens they may later attack
Where are Immunocompetent B or T cells exported to where they encounter antigens?
Secondary lymphoid tissue
Immunocompetent B or T cells mature into fully funcitional antigen-activated cells upon binding with thier what?
Recognized antigen
What determine which foreign substances our immune system will recognize and resist?
Genes, NOT antigens
What are the 2 major roles of antigen presenting cells (APCs) in immunity?
To engulf foreign particles.
To present fragments of antigens on their own surfaces, to be recognized by T cells.
What are the 3 major types of Antigen- Presenting Cells (APCs) and where are they found?
Dendritic cells in connective tissues and epidermis (Langerhans cells).
Macrophages in connective tissues and lymphoid organs.
B cells.
Which major types of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) present antigens and activate T cells?
Macrophages and dendritic cells
Which major types of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) mostly remain fixed in the lymphoid organs?
Macrophages
Which major types of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) internalize pathogens and enter lymphatics to present the antigens to T cells in the lymphoid organs?
Dendritic Cells
Activated T cells release chemicals that produce __1__ to become insatiable __2__ and to secrete __3__.
1. Macrophages
2. Phagocytes
3. Bactericidal chemicals
Where is defined as the first encounter between an antigen and a naive immunocompetent cell?
Antigen challenge
Where does antigen challenge take place?
In the spleen or other lymphoid organ
If the lymphocyte is a B cell, what kind of immune response does the challenging antigen provoke?
A humoral immune response
If the lymphocte is a B cell, the challenging antigen provokes a humoral response. What are produced against the challenger?
Antibodies
What do most clone cells become?
Plasma cells
What do most clone cells that become plasma cells secrete?
Specific antibodies
At what rate do most clone cells that become plasma cells secrete antibodies and for how many days?
2000 molexules per second for 4-5 days
What are the 3 main function of the antibodies secreted by clone cells?
Circulate in the blood or lymph.
Bind to free antigens.
Mark the antigen for destruction.
What do clone cells that do not become plasma cells become?
Memory cells
Clone cells that do not become plasma cells become memory cells. What are the 2 functions of these memory cells?
Provide immunological memory.
Mount an immediate response to future exposures of the same antigen.
In immunological memory, what is defined as the cellular differentiation and proliferation, which occurs on the first exposure to aspecific antigen
Primary immune response
What isthe lag period of the primary immune response in the immunoligical memory?
3 to 6 days after antigen challenge
In how many days are the peak levels of the plasma antibody achieved of the primary immune response in the immunoligical memory?
10 days
After peak levels of the plasma antibody are achieved after ten days of the primary immune response in the immunoligical memory, do antibody levels incline or decline?
Decline
In immunological memory, what is defined as re-exposure to the same antigen?
Secondary immune response
What is the lag time of sensitized memory cells in secondary immune response?
Respond within hours
Do antibody levels peak in 2 to 3 days much higher in primary OR secondary immune response?
Secondary
Do antibodies bind with greater affinity, and their levels in the blood can remain high for weeks to months in primary or secondary immune response?
Secondary
Which cells in active humoral immunity encounter antigens and produce antibodies against them?
B cells
Is naturally OR artificially acquired active humoral immunity response to a bacterial/ viral infection?
Naturally
Is naturally OR artificially acquired active humoral immunity response to a vaccine of dead or attenuated pathogens?
Artificially
How does passive humoral immunity differ from active immunity?
In the source and degree of protection
Are B cells challenged by antigens in Passive humoral immunity?
NO
Does immunological memory occur in passive humoral immunity?
NO
When does protection end in passive humoral immunity?
When antigens naturally degrade in the body
Is naturally OR artifically aquired of the passive humoral immunity from the mother to her fetus via placenta?
Naturally
Is naturally OR artifically aquired of the passive humoral immunity from the injection of serum, such as gamma globulin?
Artifically
What are also called immunoglobulins?
Antibodies
What are the 5 classes of antibodies?
IgD
IgM
IgG
IgA
IgE
Which class of antibodies is the first antibody released?
IgM
Which class of antibodies is a potent agglutinating agent?
IgM
Which class of antibodies readily fixes and activates complement?
IgM
Which class of antibodies is in muscus and other secretions?
IgA (secretory IgA)
Which class of antibodies helps prevent entry of pathogens?
IgA (secretory IgA)
Which class of antibodies is attached to the surface of B cells?
IgD
Which class of antibodies functions as a B cell receptor?
IgD
Which class of antibodies are about 75-85% of the antibodies in plasma?
IgG
Which class of antibodies is the most abundant?
IgG
Which class of antibodies is from secondary and late primary responses?
IgG
Which class of antibodies crosses the placental barrier?
IgG
Which class of antibodies is active in some allergies and parasitic infections?
IgE
Which class of antibodies causes mast cells and basophils to release histamine?
IgE
Do antibodies themselves destroy antigen?
NO, they inactivate and tag it for destruction
Since antibodies themselves don't destroy antigens, what do they do to them?
They inactivate and tag it for destruction
What complex do all antibodies form?
An antigen-antibody (immune) complex
What are the 4 defense mechanisms used by the antibodies?
Which defensive mechanism used by antibodies is the simplest?
Neutralization
In which defensive mechanism used by antibodies do antibodies block specific sites on viruses or bacterial exotoxins?
Neutralization
Which defensive mechanism used by antibodies prevent antigens from binding to receptors on tissue cells?
Neutralization
Which defensive mechanism used by antibodies do antigen-antibody complexes undergo phagocytosis?
Neutralization
Which defensive mechanism used by antibodies do antibodies undergo the same determinant on more than one cell-bound antigen?
Agglutination
Which defensive mechanism used by antibodies do cross-linked antigen-antibody complexes agglutinate?
Agglutination
Clumping of mismatched blood cells is an example of which defensive mechanism used by antibodies?
Agglutination
Which defensive mechanism used by antibodies are soluble molecules cross-linked?
Precipitation
Which defensive mechanism used by antibodies do complexes precipitate and are subject to phagocytosis?
Precipitation
Which defensive mechanism used by antibodies is the main antibody defense against cellular antigens (such as bacteria or mismatched RBCs)?
Complex Fization and Activation
Which defensive mechanism used by antibodies do several antibodies bind close together on a cellular antigen?
Complex Fixation
Which defensive mechanism used by antibodies do complement-binding sites trigger complement fixation into the cell's surface?
Complement Fixation
Which defensive mechanism used by antibodies triggers cell lysis?
Complement Fixation
Which defensive mechanism used by antibodies amplifies the inflammatory response?
Complement Activation
Which defensive mechanism used by antibodies enhances phagocytosis?
Complment Activation
Which defensive mechanism used by antibodies enlists more and more defensive elements?
Complement Activation
Since antibodies are useless against intracellular antigens, what is needed?
Cell-mediated immunity
Are antibodies useless against intracellular antigens?
YES
What are the 2 mahor populations of T cells that mediate intracelluar activity?
CD4
CD8
Which of the 2 major types of T cells become helper T cells (TH) when activated?
CD4
Which of the 2 major types of T cells become cytotoxic T cells (TC) that destroy cells harboring foreign antigens?
CD8
Besides the major types, what are the other 2 types of T cells?
Regulatory T cells (TREG) (Suppressor T)
Memory T cells
T cells recognize and respond only to what?
To fragmentsof antigen displayed on the surface of body cells
What cells are best suited for cell-to-cell interactions?
T cells
Which cells target cells infected with viruses, bacteria, or intracellular parasites?
T cells
Which cells target abnormal or cancerous cells?
T cells
Which cells target cells of infused or transplanted foreign tissue?
T cells
When are immunocompetent T cells activated?
When thier surface receptors bind to a recognized antigen (nnself)
What are 2 things that T cells must simultaneously recognize?
Nonself (the antigen)
Self (a MHC protein of a body cell)
What are the 2 types of MHC proteins that are important to T cell activation?
Class I MHC proteins
Class II MHC proteins
Which of the 2 types of MHC proteins that are important to T cell activation, is displayed by all cells except RBCs?
Class I MHC proteins
Which of the 2 types of MHC proteins that are important to T cell activation, are recognized by cytotoxic T cells?
Class I MHC Proteins
Which of the 2 types of MHC proteins that are important to T cell activation, is displayed by APCs (dendritic cells, macrophages and B cells)?
Class II proteins
Which of the 2 types of MHC proteins that are important to T cell activation, is recognized by helper T cells?
Class II MHC proteins
What provides the key for the immune system to recognize the presence of intracellular microorganisms?
Antigen Recognition
During antigen recognition, when are MHC proteins ignored by T cells?
If they are complexed with self protein fragments
How long does it take for primary T cell response to peak?
Within a week
T cell apotosis occus within how many days?
7 to 30 days
Does effector activity wane as the amount of antigen inclines OR declines?
Declines
What is the benefit for apotosis during T cell activation?
activated T cells are a hazard
Do memory T cells remain and mediate secondary responses?
YES
What are mediators involved in cellular immunity, that are released by activated T cells and macrophages?
Cytokines
What are the 2 types of cytokines?
Interferons
Interleukins
What mediators involved in cellular immunity are also co-stimultors of T cell and T proliferation?
Cytokines
Which type of cytokines are released by macrophages co-stimulates bound T cells to release interleukin-2 (IL-2)?
Interleukin 1 (IL-1)
Which type of cytokines are released by macrophages co-stimulates bound T cells to synthesize more IL-2 receptors?
Interleukin 1 (IL-1)
Which type of cytokines is a key growth factor, which sets up a positive feedback cycle that encourages activated T cells to divide?
Interleukin-2 (IL-2)
Which type of cytokine is used therapeutically to enhance the body's defenses against cancer (melatonin & kidney)?
Interleukin-2 (IL-2)
Perforin and lymphotoxin are cell toxins that are examples of what?
Cytokines
Whats an example of a cytokine that enhances the killing power of macrophages?
Gamma interferon
What are examples of cytokines that are cell toxins?
Perforin and lymphotoxin
Which type of T cells play a central role in the adaptive immune response?
Helper T cells (TH)
Which type of T cells help activate T and B cells once they are primed by APC presntation of antigen?
Helper T cells
Which type of T cells induce T and B cell proliferation once they are primed by APC presntation of antigen?
Helper T cells
Which type of T cells activate macrophages and recruit other immune cells once they are primed by APC presntation of antigen?
Helper T cells
Can there be an immune response without TH?
NO
Which type of T cells stimulate B cells to divide more rapidly and bein antibody formation?
Helper T cells
How may B cells be activated without TH cells?
By binding to T cell- independent antigens
Do most antigens require TH co-stimulation to activate B cells?
YES
Which type of T cells DIRECTLY attack and kill other cells?
Cytotoxic T (TC) Cells
Which type of T cells circulate in the blood, lymph, and lymphoid organs in search of the body's cells displaying antigen they recognize?
Cytotoxic T cells (TC)
Cytotoxic T cells target which 4 types of cells?
Virus-infected cells
Cells with intracellular bacteria or parasites
Cancer cells
Foreign cells (transfusions or transplants)
In some cases, which type of T cell can bind to a recepotor on the target cell and stimulate apoptosis?
Cytotoxic T cells
What are the 3 mechanisms to which cytotoxic T cells deliver a lethal hit to thier targets?
TC cell releases perforins and granzymes by exocytosis.
Perforins create pores through which granzymes enter the target cell.
Granzymes stimulate apoptosis.
Are natural killer cells a non-specific defense?
YES
Natural Killer cells use the same key mechanisms for killing their targets as which type of T cells?
Cytotoxic T cells
Which type of T cells dampen the immune response by direct contact or inhibitory cytokines?
Regulatory T cells
Which type of t cells are important in preventing autoimmune reactions?
Regulatory T cells
What are the 4 major types of grafts for organ transplants?
Autographs (self)
Isographs(same)
Allographs(other)
Xenografts(foreign)
Which of the 4 major types of graphs is a graft transplanted from one site on the body to another in the same person?
Autograph
Which of the 4 major types of grafts is a graft between identical twins?
Isographs
Which of the 4 major types of grafts is transplants between individuals that are not identical twins, but belong to same species?
Allographs
Which of the 4 major types of graphs are grafts taken from another animal species?
Xenographs
After an organ transplant, what kind of therapy is a patient treated with to prevent rejection?
Immunosuppresive therapy
After an organ transplant, what kind of drugs is a patient treated with to prevent rejection?
Corticosteroid drugs to suppress inflammation.
Antiproliferative drugs.
Immunosuppressant drugs.
What ind of severe side effects can immunosuppresent drugs cause to a patient who is using them for an organ transplant?
They can depress the pt's immune system so it cannot figh off foreign agent
Immunodefeciencies are ____ and ____ conditions that cause immune cells, phagocytes, or complement to behave abnormally.
Congenital and aquired
Which immunodeficiency disease is a genetic defect?
Severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID)
Which immunodeficiency disease is marked deficit in B and T cells?
Severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID)
Which immunodeficiency disease has abnormalities in interleikin receptors?
Severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID)
Whcih immunodeficiency disease contain defective adenosine deaminase (ADA) enzyme that metabolites lethal to T cell accumulation?
Severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID)
Is Severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID) fatal if untreated?
YES
How is Severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID) treated?
Bone marrow transplants
Which immunodeficiency disease is aquired?
Hodgkins disease
Which immunodeficiency disease is the cancer of the B cells?
Hodgkins Disease
Which immunodeficiency disease leads to immunodeficiency by depressing lymph node cells?
Hodgkins Disease
What year was AIDS first identified?
1981
Which immunodeficiency disease cripples the immune system by interfering with the activity of helper T cells?
AIDS
Which immunodeficiency disease is characterized by severe wieght loss, night seats, and swollen lymph nodes?
AIDS
In which immunodeficiency disease do opportunistic infections occur, including pneumocystis pneumonia and Kaposi's sarcoma?
AIDS
Which immunodeficiency disease is the 6th leading killer of all Americans from ages 25-44?
AIDS
AIDS is now the __#__ leading killer of all Americans from ages _____.
6th leading killer from ages 25-44
The cause of which immunodeficiency disease is associated with HIV?
AIDS
Which immunodeficiency disease is a retrovirus transmitted via body fluids such as blood, semen, and vaginal secretions?
HIV
What are 3 ways HIV can enter the body?
Blood transfusions
Blood contaminated needles
Sexual intercourse and oral sex
Which immunodeficiency disease destroys TH cells?
HIV
Which immunodeficiency disease depresses the cell-mediated immunity?
HIV
Which immunodeficiency disease multiplies in the lymph nodes throughout the asymptomatic period?
HIV
How long does it take for symptoms of HIV to appear?
In a few months to 10 years
Within how long will MOST people develope detectable antibodies?
2 to 8 weeks (avg 25 days)
What % of ppl with HIV will develope antibodies in the first 3 months following the time of thier infection?
97 %
97% of ppl infected with HIV will develop antiboies in the within the first how many months?
3 months
In very rare cases, how long can HIV take up to develop antibodies to HIV?
6 months
When HIV enters the cell, what does it use to produce DNA from viral RNA?
Reverse transcriptase
HIV produces a DNA copy called a ____ that directs the host cell to make viral RNA and proteins, enabling the virus to reporduce.
Provirus
What does HIV transcriptase produce frequntly that has a high mutation rate and resistance to drugs?
Transcription errors
Which immunodeficiency disease is treatment with antiviral drugs used?
AIDS
Which immunodeficiency disease use reverse transcriptase inhibitors (AZT)?
AIDS
Reverse transcriptase inhibitors (AZT) was 1st synthesized in what year to treat what (which failed)?
in 1964 to treat cancer but failed
Which immunodeficiency disease use protease inhibitors (saquinavir and ritonavir)?
AIDS
Which immunodeficiency disease use new fusion inhibitors that block HIV's entrance to helper T cells?
AIDS
Which kind of diseas is a loss of the immune system's ability to distinguish self from nonself?
Autoimmune disease
Does the body produce autoantibodies and sensitized TC cells that destroy its own tissues in an immunodefieciency OR autoimmune disease?
Autoimmune diease
What are 7 examples of an autoimmune diease?
multiplesclerosis,
myasthenia gravis,
Graves’ disease,
Type I (juvenile) diabetesmellitus,
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE),
glomerulonephritis,
rheumatoid arthritis
What are immune responses that cause tissue damage defined as?
Hypersensitivity
Different types of hypersensitivity reactions are distinguished by what 2 things?
Thier time course.
Whether antibodies or T cells are the principle immune elements involved.
Do antibodies or T cells cause immediate and subacute hypersensitivities?
Antibodies
Do antibodies or t cells cause delayed hypersensitivity?
T cells
What is an immediate hypersensitivity that begin in seconds after contact with allergen?
Acute (type I) hypersensitivities (allergies)
What is an immediate hypersensitivity that it's initial contact is asymptomatic but sensitizes the person?
Acute (type I) hypersensitivites (allergies)
Which type of immediate hypersensitivity has a reaction that may be local or systemic?
Acute (type I) hypersensisitivies (allergies)
What is an immediate hypersensitivity that is also known as allergies?
Acute (type I) hypersensitivites
what is a severe systematic resonse to allergen that directly enter the blood?
Anaphylactic shock
During what are basophils and mast cells are enlisted throughout the body?
Anaphylactic shock
Systemic histamine releases from an anaphylactic shock may cause what 3 things?
Constriction of bronchioles.
Sudden vasodilation and fluid loss from the bloodstream.
Hypotensive shock and death.
How is anaphyliactic shock from an allergy treated?
Epinephrine
What are caused by IgM and IgG, and transferred via blood plasma or serum?
Subacute Hypersensitivies
In ubacute hypersensitivies, is onset high or low after antigen exposure?
1-3 hours
How long is the duration of a subacute hypersensitivty?
10-15 hours
Is acute (type I) hypersensitivity an immediate, subacute, or delayed hypersensitivity?
Immediate
In what kind of reactions do antibodies bind to antigens on specific body cells, stimulating phagocytosis and complement-mediated lysis of the cellular antigens?
Cytotoxic (type II) reactions
A mismatched blood transfusion reaction is an example of what type of reaction?
Cytotoxic (Type II) reaction
Author
Ruzannabalyan
ID
172077
Card Set
A&P 202 Exam 2 Study Guide
Description
Cardiovasucular (blood vessels), lymphatic, immune system