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Deoxyribonecleic Acid?
DNA, Mitosis
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Genes:
- Alleles
- Genotype vs Phenotype
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What are autosomes
the first twenty two pairs
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Anomolies
- a. androgen insensitivity (male hormone)
- b. intersexuality (male from female)
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Monozygotic
twins from one egg
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Dizygotic
twins from two eggs
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Gene patters
- Homozygous:
- Heterozygous:
- Dominant Genes:
- Recessive Genes:
- a. Carrier
- b. xlinked recessives
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codominance/incomplete dominance:
no dominant allele
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Genomic Imprinting
one copy of working genes instead of two
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mutation
mutation of a gene
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Sex chromosome abnormalities:
(5)
- Klienfelter syndrome-xxy
- xyy syndrome
- fragile x syndrome
- xxx
- turner syndrom-x
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dominant genetic disorders:
Huntington's disease, Marfan Syndrom
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Recessive:
- Cystic fibrosis, PKU, sickle cell,
- x linked recessives, Hemophilla, muscular dystrophy, color blindness
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Prenatal Diagnostic Methods
- 1. maternal blood analysis
- 2. ultrasound
- 3. ultra fast MRI
- 4. Amniocentesis (shot into amniotic fluid)
- 5. chorionic villus sampling: (only to find very high risk things)
- 6. diagnostic and operative fetoscopy
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Conception:
Gametes:
zygotes
- Gametes: meiosis,
- 1. sperm
- 2. ovum
- zygote: mitosis
- makes sure each cell is like others
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Prenatal development 1:
- stage of the zygote (1-2 weeks)
- cell division going on rapidly.
- 1. zygote/blastlycists
- a. embryonic: becomes fetus
- b. trophoplast: becomes placenta cord, ect
- 2. implantation
- 3. ectopic pregnacy
- can occur when settles down and burrows in filopian tube
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prenatal development 2:
- Embryonic Period (weeks 3-8)
- more specific development
- 1. developmental trends
- a. proximodistal (from middle out)
- b. cepnalocaudal (top/bottom) (head/tail)
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Embryonic Period layers of development
- a. ectoderm
- 1. neural tube
- b. Mesoderm
- c. endoderm
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Fetal Period
- 1. third month
- 2. second trimester
- 3. third trimester
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Prenatal environment
- a. Teratogens: toxin, causes phyiscall problems
- b. sensitive and critical period: embryonic period most senitive to birth defects and structual effects.
- Teratogens: RX, drugs, pollution, radiation, disease,...Fetal Alcohol syndrom
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Prenatal Care
Folic Acid, excercise, social support/less stressor, finacial resources, age..
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Labor:
- 1. dilation and effacement of cervix (10)
- 2. delivery of baby
- 3. birth of placenta
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Apgar Scale:
- Color, heart rate, reflexes, muscle tone, respiration
- A: apperance, P:pulse, G:grimace, A:activity, R: repiration.
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Birth Complications
- Oxygen Deprivation, Breech Birth, Rh factor incompartibility (mother neg, father pos)
- Caesarean seaction.
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More birthing populations
- under 5lbs low birth weigh, small for date.
- Preterm infants
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Problems of At-Risk Infants
- a. respiratory distress syndrome.
- b. week sucking/eating reflexes
- c. cognitive deficits
- d. delayed physical and social development
- e. parental stress
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Interventions for Preterm infants
- Isolette
- respirator
- feeding tube
- intravenous medication
- special infant stimulation
- parent training and caregiving
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