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superior
towards the head
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inferior
towards the feet
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anterior
towards the front of the body
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posterior
towards the back of the body
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medial
towards the midline of the body
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lateral
away from the midline of the body
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proximal
towards the trunk
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distal
away from the trunk
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ventral
towards the front
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superficial
more external
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frontal plane
cuts body into front & back (anterior and posterior)
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median plane
cuts at the midline into right and left sides
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transverse plane
horizontal cut at the belly
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The dorsal body cavity includes which 2 cavities?
cranial & spinal
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The ventral body cavity includes which 2 cavities?
thoracic & abdomino-pelvic
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In the abdomino-pelvic region, the top center region is called...
the epigastric region.
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In the abdomino-pelvic region, the most-middle region is called...
the umbilical region.
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In the abdomino-pelvic region, the bottom middle region is called...
the hypogastric region.
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In the abdomino-pelvic region, the top right and left sections are called...
the hypochondriac regions.
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In the abdomino-pelvic region, the middle left and right regions are called...
the lumbar regions.
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In the abdomino-pelvic region, the bottom right and left regions are called...
the iliac regions.
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Ribosomes
- composed of RNA and protein
- sites of protein synthesis
- can be free-floating or attached to the rough ER
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (2 major points)
- studded with ribosomes
- area for storage and transport of the proteins made on the ribosomes
- the external face synthesizes phospholipids and cholesterol
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (3 points)
- site of steroid and lipid synthesis
- lipid metabolism
- drug detoxification
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Golgi Apparatus
- packages proteins to be exported
- packages phospholipids to be incorporated into the plasma membrane
- packages lysozymes for intracellular use
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Peroxisomes
contain oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and other harmful chemicals
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Mitochondria
- inner membrane has folds known as cristae
- produce ATP
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Centrioles
- paired, cylindrical shapes that lie perpendicular to each other.
- direct the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division
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Interphase
the cell carries out its normal metabolic activities
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Prophase
- the spindle forms
- each chromosome will duplicate, held together at the centromere
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Metaphase
- the chromosomes will line up at the equator of the spindle
- this imaginary line is called the metaphase plate
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Anaphase
- the chromosomes will split from each other
- the microtubules will pull the chromosomes to their respective sides
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Telophase
- new nuclear envelope develops around the chromatin
- the spindle breaks down and disappears
- chromosomes resume their chromatin form
- does not include the division of the plasma membrane, which happens in cytokinesis
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