-
Hierarchial classification
- Group species into inclusive categories
- Domain
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species More
- Inclusive
-
Latin Binomial
- Binomial nomenclature
- –Two part name identifies all living things
- –Linnaeus 18th century
- –Generic name + specific epithet
- • Generic name capitalized, specific epithet not
- • Both names italicized or underlined
- • Ex. Artemisia tridentata or Artemisia tridentata
-
Morphological homology
- Similar structure due to shared ancestry
- • Ex. Forelimb structure of mammals (22.17)
- • Organisms with similar structure likely in same branch of tree (clade)
-
Morphological analogy
- Similarities due to convergent evolution
- –Features evolved independently in similar environments
- • Ex. Marsupial “moles” vs. eutherian moles (26.7)
- –Large claws, small eyes etc.
- • Ex. Cacti & euphorbs
-
Molecular Homology
- Similar DNA due to shared ancestry
- • Or similar proteins, RNA etc.
- –Compare nucleotide sequence
- • More similarity indicates closer relationship
- • Requires computers
- –Large data sets (thousands of bases)
- –Can align similar segments
-
Molecular Clocks
- Can help track evolutionary time
- –When there is no fossil record
- –Radiometric dating not possible
- • Assuming genes evolve at similar rates
- • Measure number of mutations
- –More mutations, earlier divergence of species
- –Less mutations, later divergence of species
-
Three domains of the modern tree of life
- Bacteria: majority of known prokaryotes
- Archaea: prokaryotes, often in extreme environments
- Eukarya: all eukaryotes
|
|
