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Filtration ( take place inside the nephron)
Movement of water and protein free solutes from the plasma in the glomerulus into the capsular space of the bowman capsule.
>The movement relies on osmosis, passive and active transport between the cells in the Bowman's capsule into the interstitial spaces of the cortex and medulla and then the peri-tubular blood
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Reabsorption
- >occurs mainly in the proximal convoluted tubules
- >The movement of molecules and water out of the tubules into the medulla nand corted then into the peri-tubular blood.
- >as molecule moves osmotic imbalance is present
- >this imbalance results in the movement of water from the tubules to the peri-tubular blood supply and bsck into bloodstream
- >therefore reabsorption relies on osmosis, passive and active transport
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Secretion
- >reverse of reabsortion
- >Secretion contributes to urine formation and urine volume
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Hormonal regulation of blood volume and urine volume
Anti Diuretic Hormone (ADH)
Aldosterone
Atrial Natriuretic Hormone (ANH)
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Anti Diuretic Hormone (ADH)
- >produced in the pituitary gland
- >opposes the formation of uine by promoting the reabsorption of water back into the peri-tubular blood
- >Responds to changes in the plasma osmolality of Na+
- >works on a feeback look to maintain a balance of blood volume and blood pressure.
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Aldosterone
- >secreted by the adrenal corted located above the kidney
- >works with ADH to promote the reabsorption of water back into the vascular compartment
- > It does this by actively moving Na+ ions from the tubules into the peri-tubular blood supply to create an osmotic imbalance.
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Aldosterone production
starts with renin which is released in response to changes in blood pressure
Sets off mechanism resulting in the release of aldosterone to form the adrenal cortex
Renin>angiotensin1>andiotensin11>aldosterone released
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Atrial natriuretic hormone
- >secreted by specialised cells in the atrial wall of the heart
- >promotes the secretion of Na+ into the tubules from the intersitial space and plasma
- >it reduces the reabsorption of water from the tubules by osmotic imbalance
- >works to oppose ADH and aldosterone.
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Principle organ of urinary system?
Kidney
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branch of abdominal aorta that brings blood into each kidney is called?
Renal artery
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Ureter of each kidney conducts urine inferiorly from the kidney is?
bladder
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Mechanism for voiding urine begins with the voluntary relaxation of?
external sphincter muscle of the bladder
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The capillary network that is fitted neatly into Bowman's capsule is?
Glomerulus
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Juxtaglomerular appartus
important structure that maintains blood flow because it secretes rennin when blood pressure to the afferent arteriole drops
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Urine is formed by nephron by which three processes?
- filtration
- reabsorption
- secretion
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Reasorption takes place means of which mechanism?
active and passive transport
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which hormones is secreted by pituitary gland and has a central role in regulating urine volume?
ADH
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Urine is approx 95% of?
Water
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Crystallized mineral chunks that develop in the renal pelvis or calyces are called?
Kidney stone
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Physical characteristics of normal urine
- >colour range from pale straw to deep amber
- >PH of urine is slightly acidic
- >slight odour
- >Clarity is cloudy or debris
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Urinalysis
Protein- Albumin in urine may indicate an infection due to the increased pernability of glomerular barrier.
Leukocytes is associated by UTI but may indicate more sever renal problems
Nitrates associated with infection. eg ecoli, klebiella, and pseudomnas.
Glucose indicate diabetes mellitus but can occur during pregnacy due to stress or taking corticosteroids.
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Polyuria
excessive urine output over 2000mls
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Dysuria
difficulty passing urine, associate with pain or discomfort.
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Glycosuria
presence of sugar in urine
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Haematuria
Blood in urine
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Incontinence
inability to controll the dischange of urine
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Micturition
Passing of urine ( urination)
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Nocturnal Enuresis
Incontinence of urine at night
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Proteinuria
Protein in urine
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pyuria
pus in urine, urine appears cloudy
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Oliguria
no urine voided, urine output is less than 100mls within 24 hours period
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Functional incontinence
involuntary, unpredictable passage of urine in a patient with intact urinary and nervous system
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Overflow
voluntary or involuntary action of loss of small amount of urine (20-30mls) from bladder
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Reflex
- Involuntary loss of urine occuring at predictable interval.
- unaware of bladder filling
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Stress incontinence
Leakage of small amount of urine caused by sudden increase in intraabdominal pressure
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Urge incontinence
urge incontinence, you leak urine because the bladder muscles contract at the wrong times. Often these contractions occur no matter how much urine is in the bladder.
involuntary passage of urine after a strong urge to void
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