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Tiberius Gracchus
invented the program of land reform, bur failed because of the Senators' pressure.
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Gaius Gracchus (Tribunes)
revived the agrarian commission, but was hunted.
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Marius
- became a consul and defeated Jugurtha.
- made important changes in the army: using volunteers, giving military leaders power; lost against Sulla
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Sulla
he improved quality of courts and entire legal system; enemy of Marius
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Pompey
defeated Mithriates and extended Rome's frontier; gained power, prestige, and popular support. One of the first Triumviri
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Crassus
rival of Pompey; allied himself withcarious popular leaders.
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Gaius Julius Ceasar
An ambitious young politician; wanted to build a reputation, a political following, and a military force; defeated Pompey in 49 B.C.
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Cicero
His program was to preserve the republic against demagogues. He wanted to unite the stable elements of the state; was preferred over Catiline by the Senate.
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"crossing the Rubicon"
Caesar decide to make a civil war against Pompey's army and defeated.
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March 15, 44 B.C. (Ides of March)
Caesar entered the Senate, was assassinated.
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Mark Antony
was with the support of the East, chiefly at Alexandria with Cleopatra.
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Octavian
ruled the West(Italy-Rome), was a competitor of Antony. He defeated Antony and became the master of the Mediterranean world.
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Cleopatra
Queen of Egypt; comitted suicide after Antony's lost.
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Octavian
(Caesar [ruler] Augustus)
Augustus, Princep(For citizen), Julio-Claudian Dynasty. he kept the Senate, and they followed him.
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Vergil
Aeneid (Epic); praise how great Rome and Octavian are
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Livy
History of Rome; he recorded all of history of Rome
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JC Dynasty
Tiberius, Caligula, Cladius, Nero (Persecution)
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Flavian Dynasty
- - Vespatian(first plebian emperor), Titus,Domitian
- Colosseum, Circus Maximus
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Five Good Emperors
- Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius
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Diocletian-
Letrarchy, Persecution of Christians
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Mani
Judiasm?, Zoroaster, Chris, Gnosticism combined >Manichaeism, from Persia
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313 AD- Constantine
moved capital to Constantinople -> NEW CAPITAL, used to be Byzantium. supported Christianity. Toleration of Christianity [Edict of Milan 313 AD]
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Diocletian
persecuted Christianity.
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Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Huns [Attila]
threated Roman Empire.
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Battle of Adrianople, 378
Valens (Eastern Roman empire or Byzantine Empire) attacked the Goths (probably Visigoths) and lost
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TheodosiusI
Co-ruler with Valens, made Christianity official.
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Council of Nicaea, 325 AD
- Arianism (Arius) vs. Athanasius
- • Eucharist(Thanksgiving), Catholic, Orthodox, Heretics, Primacy of Rome.. Athnasius won.
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Jerome: Vulgate
- Latin translation of the Bible that became the standard text for the Catholic Church.
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Augustine: Confessions, The City of God
(Bishop of Hippo)
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