FINAL exam for BIO!

the discipline of biology dealing with the classification of organisms

father of taxonomy. He developed in the 18th century

• -domain
• -kingdom
• -phylum or division class
• -orger
• -family
• -genus
• -species

• archaea:unicellur prokaytes
• live in harsh aquatic enviroments that lack oxygen
• Bacteria:
• unicellular prokaryotes
• found almost everywhere
• Eukayra:
• composed of eukaryotic cells.
• includes both unicllar and multiple organisms

• each organism is given 2 word name its genus and species.
• Homo sapiens...underline

• ecology-the scientific study of the interaction of the oranism and the enviroment
• Interaction-means that the activities of organisms are reciprocal with the enviroment and with other organisms
• Enviroment-the surroundings of an organism. It includes both the biotic and abiotic components.
• biotic-the living things
• abiotic-nonliving things

• population-a group of interbreeding individuals within a defined geographical area.
• ex: all the catfish in one pond to one population and those in another pond belong to another population.
• community-consist of all populations of different species living in a specified, defined area.
• ex: all the species in the pond
• ecosystem: an ecological unit of geography consisting of all the included communities and the abiotic components.
• biosphere-the sum total of all the ecosystems on the earth.
• habitat:the place in the ecosystsm where an organism lives.
• ex;the habitat of an intestinal parasite in the intestine of the host.

the number of individual per unit area.

it is the spacing of individuals within the habitat.

• uniform distribution-occurs when organisms of a population are evenly distributed throughout a region
• clumped distribution-characterized by number of individuals clustered in particular locations within a region.

random distribution-occurs when individuals in a population are spaced at random; that is individuals occur in no discernible pattern thoughout a region.

• rate of population=the difference between the number of individuals entering a population and those leaving over a particular time.
• 2 ways enter a population are by birth and immigration and 2 ways leave is by death and emigration.

• exponential growth curve:it is j shaped.
• under ideal conditions
• logisitic growth curve:it is s shaped
• most populations in nature exhibit this type of growht.
• characterized by slow growth at first because there are few breeding age individuals

• desnsity-dependent mechanisms:
• selevtive pressures that vary in intensity as a result of the density increases and their effects decrease a s population density decreases.
• ex: predation, competition, and disease

• DENSITY-independent mechanisms:
• these are factors affectiong population growth that are not related to population density
• ex: floods, extremes in weather

• the role or job of organism in the community.
• sum total of all interactions of the organism within the enviroment.
• ex:coyote niche is that of a predator

• occurs between members of the same species.
• It increases as population density increases.
• ex: the competition among sparrows

• occurs between members of different species.
• It arises from niche overlap and the more the niches overlap the greate the interspecific competition
• ex: sunfish and bass in same pind may compete for same kind of insects

• no 2 species can occupy the same niche for an extended period of time.
• one of the competing species will be excluded
• ex: experiment with Paramecium cauadatum

• if 2 or more species occupy a similar niche it can be demonstrated that the niche is subdivided so that the 2 species can coexist.
• ex: MacArthurs study of 5 species of NA warblers

• INTERspecific competition.
• Is reciprocal.
• That is as the prey population increases so does the predaor population , and as the prey poplulation decreases so does the predator populaion, and as the prey population decreases so does the predator popluation.
• cyclic oscillaition patter.

a relationship between organisms that live in close association.

• Paratism:
• the parasite lives on or inside a living host.
• only the parasite is benefitted; the host is harmed
• ex: tapeworm living in the intestine of many species.
• Commensalism:
• one species benefits from the relationship ; the other is neither helped nor harmed
• ex:remora
• Mutualism: both organisms benefit from the relationship
• ex: relationshsip of the trichonympha and termite.

• functional unit in nature.
• interaction between the biotic and abiotic

• to sustain themselves all ecosystems require a constant input of energy.
• ultimate source is solar energy.

• energy flows through the biotic components of the ecosystem. the passage of energy from one organism to another takes place chain.
• food chain: a feeding pattern within an ecosystem who eats who or what

• primary procedures-in most ecosystems they are the photosynthetic organisms-the plants in terrestrial ecosystems and the algae in aquatic ecosystems.
• trap the solar energy and convert it to chemical energy.
• primary consumers-the organisms that eat the primary producers. herbivores.
• ex: caterpillars, cows, horses
• secondary consumers-
• organisms that eat primary consumers
• ex: coyotes wolves dogs lions

• specialized consumers that are vital to ecosystems.
• Acquire food molecules from non-living matter.

because the 2nd law of thermodynamics useable energy is lost as organis matter is passes 1 trophic level to the next.

• 1.pyramids of numbers:shows the number of organisms at each trophic level
• 2. Pyramids of biomass:shows the mass or weight of all of the organisms at each trophic level
• 3.Pyramids of energy:shows the energy measured in calories available at each trophic level.

• blood-circulationg connective tissue
• blood vessels-tubes that blood flows within
• heart-muscular pump that generates the pressure to move the blood through the heart and blood vessels.

• a)plasma-55% of total blood volume
• 1.water
• 2. dissolved solids
• plasma proteins
• glucose
• amino acids
• electrolytes
• B)foremd elements
• a)erthrocytes
• -normal counts 4-6
• structre - mature RBC"s are nonnucleated
• fucntion is to transport o2 cells
• b)Leukocytes
• -5000-10000
• -RBCS that are nucleated
• -involved with the bodys defense against disease
• c.Thrombocyte
• -500000
• -fragments of cells

• -Arteries-blood vessles that carry blood away from the heart.
• -veins-blood vessles that carry blood to the heart
• -capillaries-blood vessles that are the sits of exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and the cells.
• -arterioles-smallest arteries in diameter and carry blood into capillary networks.
• -venules- smallest veins in diameter and carry blood away from capillary networks

• first line- Barriers at body surface
• These include the intact skin and the mucous membranes at other body surfaces.
• second line-nonspecific responses:
• these are defenses against a great variety of pathogens and are in place before the danger occurs.
• do not require exposure to the pathogen
• third line- the Immune responses:
• Involves 2 kinds of WBC's B cells and T cells
• pathogen to be activated

substance that iliictis a specific immune response when it is present in the body

specialized protein that is produced in response to the prescence of the antigen

• -involves the production and release into the blood and lymph of anitbodies to various anitgens
• -effective against most bacteria
• -at the lymphy nodes or other lymphatic tissues B-cells inteact with their antigens.
• -The B cells with their processed antigens then interact with the helper T cells
• -activates the B cells and they undergo rapid cell divisions.
• -most B cells develop into plasma
• -plasama cells then produce anitbodies that are releases in toe blood and lymph
• -anitbodies combine with the specific antigen that stimualted its immunity to the antigen.

t cells

• resistance to infection that results from an anitgen induced activation of an individual specific immune responses
• long duartion

borrowed immunity-antibodies to an antigen can be transferred into an individual from other sources exposed to the antigen

• advantage: long duration
• disadvantage: slow acting because immunity not immediate

• advantage: immunity immediate
• dis: short duation