A study in which the reseacher unobtrusively observes abd records behavior in the real world
Naturalistic Observations
A research sample that accutately reflects the population of people one os studying
Representative Sample
Studies that measure two or more variables and their relationship tp one another
Correlational Designs
A statistic that ranges from -1.0 to + 1.0 and assess the strength and direction of associates between two variables
Correlation Coefficient
A research design that includes independent and dependent variables and random assignment of participants to control and experimental groups or conditions
Experiment
A property that is manipulated by the experimenter under controlled conditoons to determine wheather it causes the predicted ouctcome of an experiment
Independent Variable
The result of the experiment
Dependent variable
The method used to assign participants to different research conditions so that all the particiipants have the same chanc eof being in a specific group
Random Assignment
The substance or treatment that appears identical to the actual treatment but lacks the active substances
Placebo
The variable whose infulence on the dependent variable cannot be seperated fromt eh independent variable being examined
Confounding Variable
The studies in which participants fo not know the experimental group they have been assigned
Single blind studies
Studies in which neither the participants nor the researchers administering the treatment know who has been assigned to the experimental or control group
Double blind studies
Result that occurs when the behavior of the participants is influenced by the experimenters knowledge of who is in control group and who is in the experimental group
Experimenter Expectancy Effects
A statement that affects events to cause the presiction to become true
Self-fulfiling Prophecy
Research technique for combining all research results on one question and drawing a conclusion
Meta- Analysis
A measure of the strength of the relationship between two variables or the extent of an experimental effect
Effect Size
The tools and techniques used to assess thought or behavior
measures
Written or oral accounts of a oeersons thoughts, feelings, or actions
Self reports
Measures based on systematic observations of peoples actions either in their normal enviroment or in a labortatory setting
Behavorial Measures
The tendency toward favorable slef presntation that could lead to inaccurate self reports
Social Desirability Bias
Measures of bodily responses, such as blood pressure or heart rate, used to determine changes in psychological state
Physiological Measures
Collection, analysus, interoretation, and presntation of numerical data
Statistics
Measures used to describe and summarize research
Descriptive Statustics
The score that separtes the lower half of scores from the upper half
Median
A statistical measure of how scores in a sample vary around the mean
Standard deviation
Bell curve
Normal distribution
The arithmetic average of a series of numbers
Mean
A statistic that represents the most commonly occuring score or value
Mode
THe number of times a particular scores in a set of data
Frequency
Analyses of data that allows us to test hypotheses and make an inference as to how likely a sample scare is to occur in a population
Inferential Statistics
Statistic that compares two means to see wheather they could come from the same population
T-Test
Standards of right and wrong
Ethics
The explanation of the purposes of the study following data collection
Debriefing
Organization that evaluate research proposals to make sure research involving humans does not cause unduw harm or distress
IRBS
Research method similar to experimental design except that it makes use of naturally occuring grouos rather than randomly assigning subjects to groups
Quasi-Experimental Design
What is an enriched enviroment?
A. a living situation that provides ample opportunity for play and activity
What is the most rigious study design that can be used to study the effects of enrichments on brain developement in humans?
A.
If two sets have the same mean,
B.
Why is GPA a good example of the statistic mean?
A.
Scores that are widely spread apart have a
C.
When conducting a= reserch with humans, researchers
B.
Current guidelines on research ethics state that when studying humans, deception
E.
Ethical guidelines for research with nonhumans animals state that
B.
An advantage of self reort questionaries is that they are easy to adminster to large number of participants. A disadvantage of questionaries is that
C.
One advantage of behavioral measures compared to self reported measures is that they are
C.
A psychologist who is interested in how brain activity relates to behavior will most likely use which kind of measure?
D.
Dr. Sexy wanted to do research on real-world conditions that lead to aggression in 10-year-old children. She defined aggression as "intent to harm another person" and went to a local elementary school and videotaped a 10-minute recess perios. She and her trained coders then coded the behavior of every child and counted the number of times each child acted aggressively. Thsi is an example of what kind of research design
C.
If Dr. Sexy wanted to examine wheather certain personality traits make aggression more likely, she would most likely use what kind of reserach design?
B.
Researchers have consistently found that married men live longer than single men. From this finding, we can conclude that
D.
In research on wheather sugar causes hyperactivity, researchere randomly assign children to no sugar, small amount od sugar, or large amounts of sugar. They then observe and code activity levels. In this case, the sugar levels are the
D.
In contrast to other kinds of research designs, a true experimental design must have two things:
C.
Scientific Method is
D.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of science?
B.
Scientific theories are
C.
What distinguishes science from pseudoscience?
C.
Case study
weakness: its to small for a real experiment
strength: you can understand to a further extent
True or False
True, case study is studying one oerson or a small number of people for an extended period of time
Naturalistic Observation
weakness: it can take a long time
strength: its real
True or False
True
Why do you need a control group?
To makes sure that the independent variable is the only thing causing the change for the dependent variable in the experiment
Why do we need random assignment?
We want on average for them to be similar on important variables.
