Biology Exam #1

• 1. atomic level
• 2. molecular
• 3. organelle
• 4. cellular
• 5. tissue
• 6. organ
• 7.organism

Two atoms share electrons

protons + neutrons 

Atomic Mass - Atomic # 

Atoms that have the same number of protons, but different number of neutrons 

• Carbon (12)
• Carbon (13)

- Determined by number of valence electrons (octet rule)

Electronegative atoms bond with higher electonegative bond

• -Oppositely charged atoms are attracted 
• - Weaker 
• -Form salts

-Oppositely charged atoms are attracted

Molecules with non-polar covalent bonds can have positive and negative bonds

Molecule with two atoms

The attraction between two water molecules

Water is attracted to other compounds

Mixture of solutes dissolved in solvent

If solvent is water

Substance drawn to water

Major components of cell repellant to water

• No nucleus or organelles
• Does not interact with bacteria

• Variety of organelles enclosed in membranes
• Nucleus houses DNA

When isotope is unstable, it decays, emits radiation and becomes a radioisotope

When bonding, valence shell is rearranged

Resist changes to the pH of a solution when H+ or OH- is added 

Organic molecules that consist of carbon and hydrogen atoms

Compounds with same molecular formula but different structures and chemical properties

Compounds with covalent bonds in their spatial arrangment around double carbon bond

Molecules that are mirror images of each other 

• Hydrogen atom forms a polar covalent bond to carbon skeleton
• Improve solubility
• Alcohols

• Oxygen atom joined to carbon skeleton by double bonds
• If the group is on the end of skeleton, compound is an aldehyde
• Otherwise the compound is a ketone

Carbon atom with a double bond with and oxygen atom and a single bond to a hydroxly group 

• NItrogen atom attatched to two hydrogen atoms and carbon skeleton
• Organic compounds are amines

• Sulfur atom bonded to hydrogen atom and to backbone
• Resembles hydroxyl group 
• Organic molecules are thiolis 

Phosphorous bound to four oxygen atoms- three with single bonds and one with a double bond

• Adding water
• Removing water

Breaking apart monomers; reacts with water

Stores energy and provides support

• simple sugars containing 3-7 carbons
• Carbohydrate

• Sugars composed of two monosaccarides linked by dehydration synthesis
• Carbohydrate

Complex carbohydrates made of hundreds of monomers linked by dehydration synthesis

• do not dissolve
• fats

• composed of glycerol linked to three fatty acid chains by dehydration synthesis
• cushions organs as insulation and long term energy storage
• lipid

• cooking oils
• solid at room temperature
• lipid

• lipid bonded to a phosphate group
• major component to cell membrane

• lipid
• has four interconnected carbon rings

Monomers are amino acids

two amino acids combined

longer chain of amino acids

covalent carbon to nitrogen bond linking amino acids

amino acid sequence of polypeptide chain

coiling hydrogen bonds

shape created by interaction between R groups

interactions between two or more polypeptides

• 5-carbon sugar is deoxyribose
• nitrogenous bases: A, G, C, and T
• double stranded held by hydrogen bonds

• 5-carbon sugar is ribose
• nitrogenous bases: A G C U
• single stranded 

• adenine, ribose, and three phosphates
• energy molecule of all cells

transfers energy by transfering a phosphate group

single phosphate is part of a ring connection two regions of ribose