Module 2

  moving from high to low concentration.

• The amount of energy it takes to raise a gram of substanace one degree of temperature.
•   water good isulator
•   Ethyl alcohol
•   ice better insulator
•   Metals have a lower specific heat.

the amount of energy it takes to raise one gram.

One food calorie is equal to 1000 metric calories. So a teaspoon of sugar (which contains 18 calories)  has 18000 calories, enough energy to raise 1 liter of water 18 degrees.

On the left 2/3 of the periodic

on the far right side of the table.

Atoms that do not combine with other atoms.

smaller than atoms

• electrons
•   protons
•   neutrons

  number of protons

sum of protons and neutrons

  Average mass of naturally-occuring isotopes of an element.

• Form of Tc used in medicine.
• 99 is the mass number (43 protons+56 neutrons=99)

• 20 protons +27 neutrons =47
• to study bone

• 53 protons +78 neutrons =133
• to destroy thyroid tissue.

• 54 protons +79 neutrons =133
• for respiratory studies.

•   You can't touch the inner electron shells(electrons closely associated with the nucleus)
•   electrons loosely associated with the nucleus are more free to come and go.
•   thus the outer shell determines the chemical properties of the element.
•   shells like to be full as in the noble gases.

• atoms will give up or take away electrons to achieve a full state.
• the outer shell electrons are critical for the information of the chemical bonds.

• The number of protons determines the atomic number.
• The number of neutrons can vary.
• For example, hydrogen-1 and hydrogen-2(deuterium) exsist in nature.
• Hydrogen-3(tritium) is man-made.
• These are called isotopes of hydrogen.

• Unstable isotopes that fall apart.
• nucleus falling apart is called nuclear fission.