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what are the formulas for conversion of farenheit to celcius and celcius to kelvin?
5/9 X( Farenheit- 32)
Celcius + 273
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explain Boyl's, Charles, Dalton's , gay-lussac gas laws
- Dalton's law: describes the relationship between partial pressure and the total pressure in a gas mixture
- according to the law, the pressure of a mixture of gases must equal the sum of partial pressures of all component gases
partial pressure= fractional concentration X total pressure
Boyl's law: volume of gas varies inversly with it's pressure
- Pressure X volume = K
- constant is temperature, mass
Charles law: volume of gas varies directly with temperature
V/T=K; constant is pressure, mass
Gay-lussac's law:pressure exerted by a gas varies directly with it's absolute temperature
P/T=K; constant is volume, mass
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Describe situations when communicating with patients/ families would be suboptimal, how do you facilitate communication.
language barrier, religious differences, cultural barriers, handicaps
use different channels of communication, get a translator, determine preferences
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Define SOAP
- Subjective
- Objective
- Assessment
- Plan
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Distinguish between laminar and turbulent flow
- Laminar flow: a fluid moves in discreet cylindrical layers or stream lines.
- Poiseuille's Law: change in pressure is = 8N1V/ pi r4
Turbulent flow: pattern of flow through a tube becomes irregular eddy currents flowing in a chaotic pattern
Change in pressure= flV 2/4pi 2r 5
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Define the following terms:
True Positive
True Negative
False Positive
False Negative
Specificity
Sensitivity
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Describe the causes and common characteristics of the following symptoms:
Cough
Sputum production
Hemoptysis
Dyspnea
Chest pain
Dizziness/fainting
Swelling of ankles
fever/chills/night sweats
headache/altered mental status/personality changes
snoring
Gastroesophogeal reflux
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Identify the 4 classic vital signs and value of monitoring thier trends
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Describe the normal values of the following vital signs and common causes of deviation:
Blood pressure
Pulse rate
Respiratory Rate
Temperature
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Describe how fever affects the following:
oxygen consumption/carbon dioxide production
respiratory rate
pulse
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Define the following terms:
Fever
Tachycardia
Bradycardia
Tachypnea
Bradypnea
pulsus paradoxus
pulsus alternanas
systolic/diastolic pressure
hyper/hypotension
pulse pressure
postural hypotension
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State the 3 primary functions of the nose
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Define vibrissae and state thier function
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Describe the function of the turbonates
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Describe the impact of intubation on inspired air
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Name the structure that is the narrowest part of the upper airway (adult/child)
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Describe the changes in the epithelium as it progresses toward the bronchus
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Name the cell type that comprises most of the surface area of the alveoli
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Explain why an endotracheal tube is more likely to be inserted into the right mainstem bronchus
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Describe cilia function and thier mucociliary clearance role
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Define venous aid mixture
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Describe function of pores of Kohn and canals of lambert
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Define type I,II,III pneumocytes and state which takes up more alveolar surface.
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What are the primary neurotransmitters for the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.Differentiate the systems by typical effects from stimulation.
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Describe Beta 1&2 receptor stimulation.
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Define cAMP and describe its effect on bronchial smooth muscle.
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Describes the effects of a drug which inhibits phosphodiesterase would have on bronchial smooth muscle.
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Describe how atropine exerts its parasympatholytic effect and the effect on the heart rate.
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Name the accessory muscles of inspiration and expiration.
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What is released from degranulated mast cells?
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Define:
tidal volume, minute volume, anatomic deadspace(norm value), alveolar deadspace, physiologic deadspace,alveolar ventilation(calculate minute alveolar ventilation volume), hysteresis,hyper/hypo ventilation, Biot's,Kussmaul's,Cheyne-Stokes breathing
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Calculate tidal volume off ideal body weight:
minute volume,estimate VD,alveolar minute ventilation,deadspace minute ventilation, I:E Ratio,I time, RCT
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Where are aspirated contents most likely to end up?
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What is the average pleural pressure at the end of a passive exhalation.
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How do pleural pressures vary across the lung?
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What is the average alveolar pressure inspiration/expiration?
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What is lung "compliance"? What are the normal values for total static compliance?
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What is the normal range for airway resistance?
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What happens to Raw when an artificial airway is inserted?
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Where does most of the airway resistance reside?
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What happens to airway resistance from the bronchi branch to the alveoli?
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What happens to Raw in the presence of mucus secretions, bronchospasms, or mucosal edema?
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Patient has an increased minute volume but no change in PaCO2, why?
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What is the purpose of surfactant?
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What are pathological conditions associated with surfactant deficiency?
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What is the receptor signal mechanism used by beta receptor activation similar to adrenergic bronchodilator for ex albuterol?
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What are the advantages for using a reservoir device?
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How does cholinergic drugs stimulate airway smooth muscle?
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What is the predominate sympathetic receptor type found on airway smooth muscle?
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What are the physical and chemical properties of the three states of matter and how do they convert into one another?
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How do you calculate density of medical gases?
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What are the elements which must be present for transmission of infection within a healthcare setting?
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What are the characteristics associated with infectious agents?
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What are the major routes for transmission of human sources of pathogens in the healthcare environment?
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What are some strategies to control the spread of infection in the hospital?
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What are the statistics associated with hospital acquired infection?
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What are the different methods for sterilizing devices?
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What are the equipment handling procedures that prevent spread of pathogens?
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State barrier measures based on patient presentation.
-
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What is the AARC's code of ethics and statement on professionalism?
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Define the ethical principles autonomy,beneficience,role duty,veracity,nonmaleficience, and benevolant deception.
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What are the HIPAA regulations?
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What are the purposes of the pre-interaction,introductory,initial assessment,treatment and monitoring, and follow-up stages of patient-clinician interaction?
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What are the approximate distances and appropriate activities for proper conduct within social,personal, and intimate spaces?
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Define territoriality and explain how it applies to RT's?
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What are some techniques which display genuine concern during patient-clinician interaction?
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What is the premise for universal precautions and methods by which they are practiced?
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What is the value in reviewing the admission notes, physician orders, progress notes in a patient's chart?
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What are alternative sources available for the patient history?
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What are the types of devices used for taking temp.? What affects the accuracy of the devices and common sites / ranges for measurement?
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How, where, and what is palpation?
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How does hypotension affect perfusion?
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What are some factors which cause erroneously elevated blood pressure measurements?
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What are the structures of the upper airway?
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What are the structures of the larynx and trachea?
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Describe the interface at which gas exchange occurs?
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Define cAMP and what are its affects on bronchial smooth muscle?
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How does atropine exert its parasympatholytic effect and what happens to the heart?
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What does a drug which inhibits phosphodiesterase do to bronchial smooth muscle?
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What are the structures of the thoracic cage?
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