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Atom
The basic structural unit of an element
the smallest portion of an element that retains all the properties of that element
Made up of 2 general areas
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Atomic number
Element Number
- The number of protons in the nucleas of an atom
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- The number of electrons in the shells of an uncombined atom
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Atomic symbol
Abbreviated expresion for an element
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Atomic weight
The weight of a given atom
the sum of the weights of the electrons, protons, neutrons
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Chemistry
the study of matter and tne changes it undergoes
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Inorganic chemistry(3)
chemistry of all that is not organic
- study of the elements and thier reactions
- -metals and non-metals
things that do not contain carbon
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Organic chemistry(2)
chemistry of carbon and carbon containing compounds
chemistry of those things derived from living or once-living things
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Biochemistry(2)
Biological chemistry(2)
Physiological chemistry(2)
the branch of chemestry dealing with compounds produced by living organisms
involves all the living processes in health & disease
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Embalming chemistry
chemistry of the chemical processes involving dead organic substances in terms of decomposition, disinfection, and preservation
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Thanatochemistry
the study of those physical and chemical changes in the human body that are caused by the process of death
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Mass
a measure of the quantity of matter a body contains
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Weight
a measure of the gravitational attraction of the earth for the body
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Heat
- the energy that causes there to be changes in matter
- - measured in calories
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Calorie
amount of heat necessary to raise the temp of one gram of water one degree C
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Temperature
measures the intensity of heat
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Energy
the ability or capacity to do work
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Potential energy
stored energy
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Kinetic energy
the energy of motion
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Chemical energy
energy associated with chemical reactions
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Endothermic reaction
absorbs heat (feels cool)
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Exothermic reaction
releases heat (feels hot)
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Matter
anything that occupies space and possesses mass
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Properties of matter
the signs/characteristics that serve to identify substances
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Physical properties(2)
those characteristics of a substance as it exists in nature
properties that can change without involving a change in chemical composition
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Density
mass/volume = density
things that are heavy tend to be more dense
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Viscosity
resistance to flow
blood is more viscuse than water
affects boiling and freezing points
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Chemical properties(4)
the characteristics that are observed only when the substance is interacting with other substances
tthereby changing the composition of the substance
how it reacts with oxygen, water, acids, bases
it's reactivity
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Melting
property of solid matter
changing states from solid to liquid
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Sublimation
property of solid matter
- changing states from solid to gas
- skips the liquid state
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Surface tension
property of liquid matter
the attraction of the molecules for each other at the surface of a liquid
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Diffusion
property of liquid matter
the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
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Freezing
property of liquid matter
a change of state of matter from a liquid to a solid by the loss of heat
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Solidification
property of liquid matter
the ability of a liquid or a gas to become firm and compact into a solid
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Boiling
property of liquid matter
the rapid passage of liquid particles to the vapor state by forming bubbles through the action of heat
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Vaporization
property of liquid and gas matter
the physical change from a liquid to a gas
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Crystallization
property of liquid matter
the process by which a substance is given definite form
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Volatility
property of liquid matter
having the quality of being easily converted at a relatively low temperature from the liquid to the gaseous state
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Condensation
property of gas matter
a change in state of matter from a gas to a liquid
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Liquefaction
property of liquid matter
conversion of a solid or gas into a liquid
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the state of matter is dependent upon?
Temperature and Pressure
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Give a thorough explanation of what happens when there is a
physical change. Do the same for a
chemical change.
Physical changes
changes in the condition or state of a substance
- only changing the physical characteristics
- do not form new subsances or change the composition
- boiling water
- freezing water
- breaking glass
- melting ice
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Give a thorough explanation of what happens when there is a
physical change. Do the same for a
chemical change.
Chemical changes
- changes that result in the formation of new substances
- occur only when a chemcal reaction takes place
- change the composition of the original substance
- lead to new chemical and physical properties
- decomposition
- digestion of food
- rusting of a nail
- burning wood
- cremation
- preservation of remains
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Elements(2)
the basic units of all matter
the building blocks
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Compounds
Give the examples of compounds.
substances composed of two or more elements combined chemically in definite proportions by weight
cannot be seperated by physical means - only chemicallly
have booth chemical and physical properties different from the constituent elements
- NaCl - table salt
- CO2 - carbon dioxide
- H2O - water
- HCHO - formaldehyde
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Mixtures
a combination of two or more substances not chemically united and not in definite proportion by mass
may be separated by physical means
embalming fluid is a mixture
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Nucleus of an atom
a very dense, small, positively-charged center of an atom that contains most of the atom in the form of protons and neutrons
a solid core
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Orbits or Shells of an atom
the area outside the nucleus where the electrons are found
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Protons
positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom
mass of 1 amu
charge of +1
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Neutrons
uncharges particles found in the nucleus of an atom
mass of 1 amu
no charge (neutral)
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Electrons
negatively charged particles found in the shells of orbits surrounding the nucleus
- mass of 1/1837 amu
- we will consider it to be 0
has a charge of -1
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Electronic configuration
electrons are always found arranged in a particular order around the nucleus of an atom
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Valence electrons
electrons found by the outermost shell of an atom
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A measure of the gravitational attraction of the earth for a body is
weight
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A measure of the quantity of matter that a body contains is
mass
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Approximately how many elements are naturally occurring?
about 90
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Can elements be broken down chemically?
no
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Describe the atomic symbol in more detail than above and
explain how it is derived.
"chemical shorthand"
- usually an abbreviation of their names
- generally symbols are taken from the first letter of the name
- others must have two letters to sidtinguish them
- Carbon (C) and Chlorine (Cl)
- 1st letter always capitalized
- 2nd letter always lower case
- some are taken from their Latin names
- Fe for Iron; latin - ferrum
- K for potassium; latin - kalium
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Do a thorough description of each of the States of Matter.-
be sure to include the properties and a description of each.
- Solids
- have a definite shape and volume
- do not flow
- particles are packed tightly together in an organized fashion
- Liquids
- have no definite shape but do have a definite volume
- a substance that flows readily
- particles are farther apart than in solids
- Gases
- have no definite shape or volume
- will always fill their container
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Viscosity
property of liquid matter
resistanve to flow
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Do compounds have all the exact same physical and chemical properties of the elements that make them up?
no
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Elements are made up of very small units of matter called
Atoms
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Give the physical properties of metals.
conduct heat and electricity
have luster
some are ductile
some are malleable
- most are solids
- exhibit a positive electrical charge
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Give the physical properties of the non-metals.
not good conductors
usualy brittle
not malleable
not ductile
some are solids, some are liquids, some are gases
exhibit a negative electrical charge
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Group VII of the periodic table of the elements is known as
halogens
salt-formers
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Group VIII of the periodic table is known as
inert gases
noble gases
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How are the elements arranged horizontally on the periodic
table?
in order of increasing atomic number
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How are the elements arranged vertically on the periodic
table?
according to their similar chemical properties
groups or families
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How can the components of compounds be separated from one another?
chemically
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How can the components of mixtures be separated from one another?
physical means
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How is heat measured?
in calories
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In order to change the composition of a substance, what must occur?
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In what state of matter will you find the particles of the substance packed tightly together in an orderly fashion?
solid
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Liquids have a property that is caused by the attraction of the molecules of the liquid for each other.
This attraction causes the phenomenon of
Surface tension
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List ALL the examples of mixtures.
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List out the decimal system prefixes.
- giga - billion
- mega - million
- kilo - thousand
- hecto - hundred
- deka - ten
- deci - tenth
- centi - hundredth
- milli - thousandth
- micro - millionth
- nano - billionth
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Should all letters contained in an atomic symbol be capitalized?
no, just the first letter
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The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree Celsius is
calorie
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The arrangement of the electrons around the nucleus of an atom is called
electronic configuration
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The basic structural unit of an element is the
atom
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The electrons in the outermost shell are called
valence electrons
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The electrons responsible for the physical and chemical properties of an element are
valence electrons
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The energy that causes there to be changes in matter is
heat
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The kilogram is the metric system basic unit of
mass & weight
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The liter is the metric system basic unit of
volume
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The mass of a substance divided by its volume will give its
density
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The meter is the metric system basic unit of
length
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The number of valence electrons is equal to what of the periodic table?
groups or families
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The number of valence electrons will tell us what?
chemical properties
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The periodic table of the elements arranges the elements in vertical columns according to similar chemical properties, what are these columns called? (2 names)
groups or families
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The smallest portion of an element that retains all the properties
of that element is
atom
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The state of matter that does not have a definite shape but does have a definite volume is a
liquid
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The state of matter that has a definite shape and volume is a
solid
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The state of matter that has no definite shape or volume is
gas
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The state of matter that will always fill its' container is a
gas
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The term "inert" means
will not react
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Those characteristics of a substance as it exists in nature are the
physical properties
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Those elements whose atoms have eight valence electrons or a full outermost shell are the most stable.
These elements are known as the ____________.
noble gases or inert
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To avoid writing out the entire name of an element every time it is used, chemists developed a "chemical shorthand" that assigned each element what?
atomic symbol
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What are the three compositional forms of matter?
- elements
- compounds
- mixtures
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What determines the atomic number of an element?
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
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the number of electrons in the shell of an uncombined atom
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What determines the state that matter is in?
temperature and pressure
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What group contains the "non-reactive" elements?
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What is an example of sublimation?
dry ice
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What is responsible for the chemical properties and many of
the physical properties of an element?
valence electrons
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What is the definition of atomic weight?
the sum of the weights of the electrons, protons, neutrons
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What is the laboratory basic unit of weight measurement?
gram
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What is the maximum number of electrons that can be found in the OUTERMOST shell?
8
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What is the name of Group I elements in the periodic table?
alkalis
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What is the one chemical property we listed?
reactivity
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What is the SPECIFIC subatomic particle that will actually combine with those of other atoms to form compounds?
valence electron
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What subatomic particles are found in the nucleus of an atom? (2 answers)
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What subatomic particles are negatively charged?
electron
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What subatomic particles are positively charged?
proton
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What was developed to attempt to group the elements according to similar properties and types of reactions?
periodic table of elements
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Where are electrons located?
orbits or shells surrounding the nuclleus
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Where are the non-metals found in the periodic table?
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