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Which Tsar marked teh begining of the russian empire
peter the great
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what two areas were added to russia during the imperial period
poland and finland
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with nicholas I coming to power, which value of imperial rule began to change
liberal vaules began to apply to nationalities and ethnic groups
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what four things makeup liberalism
egaliterialism, individualism, meliorism, and universalism
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what idea did liberalism spread in russia
national awakening made arguements abou rights to self determination (like voting for a president) for nainoal groups under russian control
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why was peter the greats ascension to the thrown complicated
Alexis had two wives, natalie and mary, which created two lines of ascension
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who were the children of mary, and who of natalie. (wives of peter the greats father, alexis
theodore and ivan of mary and peter of natalie
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what was decided about who would take the thrown of tsar alexis children
peter and ivan would share the thrown with peters hald sister sophia as regent
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what did sophia do with her power as regent
concession of merchant class, relaxation of punishment of run away peasants, founding of russia's first higher education, an ill-advised war against crimean tartars, and signing of the eternal peace treaty
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what was the eternal peace treaty
1686, secured the left bank of ukraine an kiev and unified eastern europe against turkish aggression
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what was peter the greats saving grace against the coup from his half sister sophia
his affinity with the military and their backing to his reign
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what were some of the firsts peter the great brought to tsardom
he was the first to be tsar in teh interest to state, forcing the military to pledge to russia not the tsar. institutionalized education among nobility and governing officials. he elected officals by skill set and not class
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describe peter the greats military ventures
he remade the military, moving to professionalism and efficiency. a war with the turks in 1695 over the black sea.
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describe the war with turks in 1695 peter the great lead
with capture of tartar strong hold Azov, peter was able to establish russia's first naval base
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what did peter the great study in holland
ship building, dentistry an enntomology
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what did he do in england
observation of ship yards and city planning before leaving to central europe to vistit modern cities
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what policies did peter launch to modernize russian society
shaving of beards, getting rid of byzantine robes and using tight western clothes, ending arranged marriages, promoting education, and moving from creationist orthodox calander to julian system
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what was teh significance of orthodox beards
a sign of respect peter viewed as un civilized, archiac, and absurd
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why was peter the greats european excursion cut short
a coup by the streltsy to put his half sister sophia as tsarina. peter interrogated, tortured, and killed over 1000 member of the strestly and showed bodies as example. sophia was exiled
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whatw as the great northern war 1700-21
a war with sweden over acess to the black sea
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describe the battle of narva 1700
russian loses and retreats, off this peter attempts to establish st. petersburg in former swedish territory. a perminent western outpost
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describe swedens invasion of russia
after defeating the poles, they invade russia. russia pushes them back, forcing them to fight ukraine, where peter's forces finish them off in th battle of poltava 1709
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what treaty finished swedish surrender in the great northern war
the treaty of nystadt,
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describe the treaty of nystadt
russia cedes most of finland, pays 2 mil in swedish monies, secures baltic territories of estonia, ingria, livonia, and part of karelia
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describe peterthe greats military reforms
required gentry to enlist in the military, and the remaining were forced into a lottery. exceptions were those in civil service, or disabled, clergy and merchant class. he modernized the army making it merit based and promotions among the officer corps
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what new organ of the state did peter the great create
the Senate, held judicial, bureaucratic, and financial powers
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what was teh twelve colleges
bureaucratic body to manage executive affiar for poeter the great.
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describe peters religous reforms
after the death of a patriarch who disagreed with peter, he didnt fill teh positiona and let the people make decisions. he later filled the position with the holy synod
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what was the holy synod
a committee of religous leaders lead by a secular figure
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new position of the state on the church, led the church to focus on what
peter limited the land and wealth of the church, forcing them to promote education
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describe peter the greats "head tax"
because of teh expense of teh great nothern war, paid by all subjects, excluding merchants and gentry, he also ended the distinction between serfs and slaves, to increase taxes
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