Real exam 1

• Order
• Metabolism
• Motility
• Responsiveness
• Reproduction
• Development
• Heredity
• Evolution
• Adapt

• Organelle
• Cell
• Tissue
• Organ
• Organ systems
• Organism

A structurewithin a cell that performs a special function.

A cell is the simplest entity that has the properties of life.

A group of similar cells that carry out a function.

A structure consiting of tissues.

that is two or more organs, a group of body parts that carry out functions.

An organism is an individual that can independly carry out life.

Groups of similar individuals. (mice)

Is groups of all different species and organisms living in a particular area.

Communities and their physical enviorments

A large region defined by distinctive characteristics.

All ecosytems on the earth

Studies the relationship between living organisms and their enviorments.

• Can be used to consue plants or animals
• for Photosythesis
• To convert sunlight to chemical energy & surgars
• also to grow and develop.

Self- Propelled Movement

They produce 2 genetically identical cells (asexual)

• They have many ways....
• Sex
• Eggs, Sperms...
• (SEXUAL)

DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID!!!

DE-OXY-RIBO-NUCLEIC ACID :)

The basic unit of inheritance that transmits heredity info to a mom to a kid.

It is the part of the DNA molecule in a chromosome that encodes a RNA molecule...cool!

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids

Factors that control an organisms form & function. (genes)

A change or variation in the genes of a population over time.

• It always comes 1st then the species name!
• The genus contains several related & similar species!

• Domains (largest)
• Kingdoms
• Phyla (divisons)
• Classes
• Orders
• Families
• Genera
• Species (smallest)

• Bacteria
• Archea
• Eukarya

It contains Prokaryotic Species (bacteria)

It contains Prokaryotic species that inhabit harsh enviorments.

• It contains larger more complex eukaryotic cells.
• Which contains the 4 kingdoms 
• Plantae
• Animalia
• Fungi
• Protista

• The 4 kingdoms are:
• Plantae
• Animalia
• Fungi
• Protista

He created the " on the orgin of species" book in 1859

ADAPTION

• Identify the problem
• Hypothesis
• Make prediction
• Test
• Conclusion

• Major enviormental role
• Recycle Carbon and nitrogen
• They consume dead and decaying matter, pesticides and pollutants
• Bioremediatiopn (clean up oil spills)

• Causes diseases
• Bacteria inhabitant of human gut, produce vitamin K, B_12,  riboflavin,biotin.
• Help in digestion of cellouse
• help in production of chemical compounds (butanol, frutose and lysine)
• Help in production of cheese yogurt and soy sauce

• Simple, lacks a nuclear envelope and organelles
• loose circular dna
• cell wall is made up of peptidoglycans

Archaea do not contain true peptiodoglycans

They are sugar protein complexces that make up a cell wall.

Has a thick Peptidoglycan layer

Penicillin type antibiotics kill gram +

Has a thin  peptidoglycan layer surrounded by lipoplysaccharides.

Erythromycin-type antibiotics kill gram -

• A process to determine two diffrent types of prokaryotes.
• This identification process helps in the selection of antibiotics.

• Coccus (cocci) = Spheres
• Bacillus (bacilli) = Rods
• Spirilla = spirals 
• Vibrios = comma shaped rods

Obtain organic nutrients from the envioroment.

• Live off dead or dying organisms
• (decomposers)

• Live in other organisms
• some are parasites and can harm their host, some are neutral
• E. coli

Can make their own nutrition from inorganic sources.

• Use light sources to make energy
• Which are cyanobacteria - blue green alge that are oxygen- generating and nitrogen fixing also phtosynthetic.

• Use chemicals to make energy
• Sulfur bacteria and methane bacteria

Binary fission and endospores

• Divide in half 
• Fast and efficent
• Reproduction is limited by food, oxygen, and other resource avaliabilty
• Ecoli divides every 20 mins

• Can survive a variety of conditions
• Develop under enviormental strees

Direct exchange of Dna through a strand of cytoplasm that bridges two cells.

Transfer of genes from one bacteria to another via a virus

Transfer of genes by the uptake of dna directly from meduim.

It can give prokaryotes means to survive under changing enviorments. Adaption.

• Most are Anaerobes
• Extremphiles
• Methanogens

• They can live in hostile enviorments like:
• near boiling water
• Salty lakes
• highly acidic or alkaline water and soil

• They produce methane gas
• and live in a cow digestive tract

• Koarcheota
• Crenarchaeota
• Euryarchaeota

live organism is yet to be found, only dna has been found

Thermophiles- use sulfur as electron aceptor in their energy metabolism.

• methane producers
• Halophiles (salt loving)

12!!!!

• are species that are close to very early life forms.
• Aquifex
• Thermtoga
• Deinococcus

Extremophiles- they survive in the most extreme conditions ....duh!

live in boiling conditions

resistant to irridation

• cause many infections.
• Actinomycetes
• mycoplasmas
• bacillus thuringiensis

produce more than 500 antibiotics

lack cell walls, walking pneumonia

may help control malaria in the future

• lyme disease
• syphilis

most common std in america

• blue green algea
• provides oxygen and nitrogen and carbon to the enviorment

• purple bacteria- gave rise to mitochodria
• e coli
• Rickettsias- causes typhhus fever and rocky mountain fever

non living, a very tiny package of dna surrounded by a capsid. the capsid then attach to a cell wall or membrane, it enters the host cell or injects its dna, which interrupts cellular activity in host cell. then it reproduce in the host cell whic causes it to die or burst, which release viruses into the body.

Acyclovir

they are parasites living in plant cells which bind to rna in the host cells ribosomes, disrupts protien sythesis.

• infectious proteins which have no genetic makeup
• Extremly rare, fatal dieses of central nervous system in cows lol

• they are single celled eukaryotes, which carry the malaria parasite,
• they do not 
• develop embryos
• have extensive cell differation
• Are not animals, plants or fungi

• ancient protistan
• muticellular protistian
• complex protistain

• oldest disease
• greatest killer
• major hosty of plasmodium falciparum
• anopheles mosquito

euglena has a stigma which directs it toward light to carry out photosythesis

• live in the guts of termites which enables them to digest wood.
• they have their own bacteria which can breakdown cellulose into sugar