Intro and bones

form and structure of organisms.  "to cut apart".  Where things are and what they look like. 

visible to the naked eye

developmental anatomy--conception to birth

study of tissues

2 different animals with similar features

observation, palpation, oscultation, percussion, etc.

diving into areas

radiograph, ultrasound, CT MRI

diagnosis and (surgical) treatment

eukaryotic, multicellular, ingest, mobile, sexual

eukaryotic, multicellular, photosynthetic, nonmobile, sexual

eukaryotic, multicellular, absorption, nonmotile, sexual

eukaryotic, uni- or mulitcellular, absorb, injest or photosynthesize, sexual and asexual

prokaryotic, unicellular, absorb or photosynthesize, mobile or nonmotile, asexual

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

• growth
• metabolism
• response to stimuli
• adaptation to environment
• reproduction

• thin, plate-like, lines body cavities and blood vessels
• Flat cells, one thick

classification of living creatures.  Good for comparison and identification.  Easier to understand (more manageable pieces)

• (Domain)
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species

• Arthropods
• Mollusca
• Chordata

• Animalia
• Protista
• Plantae
• Fungi
• Monera

exoskeletons, jointed limbs

Unsegmented, soft bodies, foot

elongated bilaterally symmetric body, had/has notochord

Have a placenta.  Tigers. 

hooved animals with an odd number of digits (horses)

spotted cats

Solid colored cats

lynx

Jungle cat

mountain cat

house cats

small cats

rabbits

Rodents

Carnivores

Hooved animals with an even number of digits

have a pouch.  Kangaroos

mammals that lay eggs.  Spiny anteater

bears

hyenas

Felines

Canines

flexible rod-like structure that develops into spinal column in some animals

2-word naming system of Carolus von Linnaeus.

turning so that the dorsal is on top

turning so that the ventral is on top

functional unit of life

group of cells and materials, specialize for a common function

tissues associated into functional groups

group of organs participating in common enterprise

• connective
• muscle
• epithelial
• nervous

transmits signals/impulses across body

Movement and support.  3 types

holds things together

covers body surfaces, glands, lines cavities and blood vessels

Connect other tissues, give form and strength to organs and provide protection and leverage.  All have matrix, cells and fibers

• type of specialized connective tissue.  (Lamina).  Layering of osteocytes (lacunae).  Hard matrix.  Skeleton.  Marrow.
• layer of protective covering over cancellous bone.  Has osteons--osteocytes in lacunae

• type of specialized connective tissue.  Tiny spicules of bone in random pattern.  Lighter, but strong.  Epiphysis, Marrow.
• Spongy bone found in the epiphysis of long bones.  Has trabeculae (bony spicules).  Light but strong.

• Skeletal (striated).  fiber=1 cell
• cardiac (striated), branched, single-nucleus
• smooth (non-striated).  Spindle-shaped.  single nucleus.  Organs.

conducts electrical signals, stores information and evaluates data.  Transmits sensory information to spinal cord and brain

• cancellous (spongy)
• compact

line glands and kidney.  Square cells one thick

lines digestive tract.  Long thin cells, one thick. 

stretchy, different kinds.  Bladder, urinary tract. 

thick, protective.  Outer skin.  Layers of plate-cells

looks like many layers but all touch the bottom.  Considered stratified.  Respiratory

thick, multiple layers of cube cells.  Pharynx and salivary ducts.

epithelial cells that are specialized for secretion and excretion

pre- bone cell (pre-osteoblast)

ductless, secretes into the bloodstream (hormones--pituitary, thyroid, adrenal)

has a duct.  Secretes onto a surface.  Urogenital, GI, respiratory

liquid or mucus secretion of gland

top of cell is lost in secretion

cell lives on after excretion

cell is completely destroyed during secretion

simple round duct

duct = multiple pores with one opening. 

duct is long and thin

duct = one long pore with a round sac at the bottom. 

loose connective tissue.  All fibers and loose matrix.  Under epithelial tissue, between things and around organs

Loose connective.  Fat.  Little matrix.  Found where protection is needed.  Kidneys

net-like loose connective.  Spleen, lymph nodes, bone. 

Parallel fibers, lots of collagen, few blood vessels.  Tendons and ligaments. 

fibers in different directions.  Not orderly.  Under dermis, organ capsules, GI tract

between vertebrae, heart, walls of arteries, large airways, stomach, bladder

AKA articular cartilege.  specialized connective tissue.  Lots of collagen--more rigid.  Articular surface of bones, nose, trachea, larynx, costal of ribs.  Has lacunae around chondrocytes.  Reduces articular friction. 

specialized connective tissue.  More flexible, has lacunae.  Pinnae, auditory tubes and epiglottis. 

Specialized connective tissue.  More collagen in thicker bundles.  Pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, discs in stifle, discs in temporomandibular joint

specialized connective tissue.  Contains plasa, erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes.  Carry nutrients, gasses.  Fluid matrix. 

multinucleated striated.  Fiber = 1 cell.  voluntary.  Bicep. 

striated, branched, single-nucleus.  Heart. 

non-striated.  Spindle-shaped.  Single nucleus.  Organs. 

brain and spinal cord

most soft organs.  Divided by thorax into thorax and abdomen

lines the thoracic organs.  Balloon that organs push into. 

lines the thoracic cavity wall

fluid inside of pleural sacs. 

surrounds the heart

surrounds the lungs

lines organs like a pleura in the abdominopelvic cavity

lines the abdominal wall. 

potential space between parietal peritoneum and visceral peritoneum. 

• bone.  Organic: cells, collagen fibers and matrix
• Inorganic: calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate

blood vessel in bone. 

bring blood from periosteum to the haversian canals

"lakes' of bone around osteocytes

membrane covering outside of diaphysis and epiphysis where articular cartilege is absent.  Contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts. 

lines the marrow chamber.  Contains osteoclasts and osteoblasts

• Support (muscular structure)
• protection (organs)
• leverage (allow muscles to move the body)
• storage (stores minerals--is a depot organ)
• blood formation (hematopoiseis)

mature cells that make bone

mature osteoblasts surrounded by matrix, trapped in lacunae.  Can revert back to osteoblast form to make bone

destroy bone, give calcium to blood.

channels that allow cells to communicate

when osteoblasts harden the matrix they laid down

Group of osteocytes in lacuna gathered around a haversian canal.  In Compact bone. 

carpal/tarsal.  Cube-shaped

longer than they are wide.  Limbs

two thin plates of compact bone with cancellous between.  Pelvis, scapula, skull

vertebrae, skull

• bone embedded in a tendon.  Found where a bone passes over a joint. 
• Patella

Os penis.  Bone found within a visceral organ. 

• Bone with sinuses that communicate with the atmosphere.
• Frontal and Maxillary

layer of hyaline cartilege between diaphysis and epiphysis where bones grow in length.  Cavity for marrow is in the middle

where tubercle comes off bone

where marrow is made

• hematopoeitic.  RBC, WBC, Platelets.  At birth all bone marrow is red.  As an adult only half is. Has blood vessels. 
• primarily in flat bones: cranium, ribs, scapula

fat.  Storage.  Half of adult bone marrow is yellow.  Has blood vessels.  Can become red if nessary.

articular projection.  Rocking motion--carpal/tarsal, vertebra, radius, ulna (side by side movement)

pulley-like articular projection.  A specialized condyle

sharp ridgle, like sacrum

shoulder-apparatus.  Humans, birds have a complete one, cats/dogs do not. 

skull, hyoid, spinal column, ribs, sternum

pectoral and pelvic limbs, including pelvis

37-38 bones.  United by sutures

portion of the skull that surrounds the brain.  11 bones, external and internal

dorsal lateral wall of cranium.  Large in dog and cat, small in cow and horse

• partly visible in surface of intact skull
• frontal bones, interparietal bones, occipital bone, parietal bone, temporal bone

hidden bones inside the intact skull.  Ethmoid, sphenoid

slivers on either side of saggital crest.  Very hard to see

incus, malleus, stapes.  In temporal bones.  Covered by tympanic membrane (external auditory/acoustic  meatus)

middle-length nose (labrador)

vertical part of the mandible with no teeth

horizontal part with all the teeth

internal bones of the face.  Support pharynx

Palatine, Pterygoid, Turbinates (4), Vomer

Incisive, Lacrimal, Mandible, Maxillary bone, nasal bones, zygomatic bones

spaces in turbinates

4.  Nasal conchae, usually thin, scrolled around each other.  Covered in mucus.  Helps warm and humidify air and trap particles.  Meatuses are the spaces between.

between nasal and maxillary bones

between nasal bones

pterygoid-like structure behind tympanic bullae and mastoid process

internal, visible in bisected skull.  Thick, dense bone containing structures of ear.  Behind sella turcica, just above tympanic bulla. 

big hole in skull.  Tympanic membrane covers

turbinates.  Dorsal nasal and ventral nasal. 

where pituitary sits in skull.  Bisected skull, first dip behind cribiform plate

process of frontal bone of horned ruminants.  Encased in horn.  Frontal sinus grows into it, so dehorning only in the young !

depression on side of head

only in pigs.  Tiny bone at front of nose.  For rooting. 

Complete in horse and cow, incomplete in dog and cat (completed by a ligament)

Ridge on side of a horse's face.  Zygomatic, but not open. 

air-filled cavities within bones that communicate with nasal sinuses.  Mucus-lined.  Small-ish in dog and cat, huge in horse, complex in cow (into horn)

where the frontal sinus diverts into the horn of a cow

attaches to temporal bone at the top and thyroid cartilege at the bottom

• 7 cervical (atlas, axis)
• 13 thoracic (anticlinal) (13 pr ribs)
• 7 lumbar
• 3 sacral (fused)
• various coccygeal

discs lie between bodies.  Convex cranially, concave caudally.  Ligaments hold together, rib ligaments help support

hole between two vertebrae where they fit together, shown from the side

helps connect pelvis limb to body (nothing similar in pectoral girdle)

vertebrosternal ribs

vertebrochondral ribs (3 in cat).  Hook to cartilege instead of actual sternum

one in a cat.  Connects to nothing

scapula, humerus, ulna, radius, carpal bones, metacarpals, phalanges

humerus, scapula

Radius, Ulna, carpus, metacarpals, phalanges, seasmoid

scapula, humerus

ulna, radius FUSED, carpal bones, splint bones (#2 and #4), cannon bone (#3), proximal sesamoids (2), long pastern, short pastern, coffin bone, navicular bone (distal sesamoid)

• cat has suprahamate process
• equine lacks acromion
• equine and bovine have developed scapular cartilege
• canine have subscapular fossa on the back

• cats (ossified, non articulating)
• dogs (rudimentary)
• NOT HORSE OR OX

hole for elbow in humerus.  Contains supertrochlear foramen in dog

hole in humerus in dog.  Like supercondyloid, but nothing goes through it. 

has no hole, has intermediate tubercle

big scoop out of ulna.  Radial notch is lateral part of coronoid process

poky end of radius (medial).  Main weight-bearing bone of lower arm.  Articulates with carpus.

proximal row is named, distal row is numbered

• pig- 4 (2 useless)
• Dog-4
• Goat-2 (fused)
• horse-1, 2 splint (3,4,5)
• cow-2 fused (3,4)

where nail comes off (P3)

Ilium, Ischium (caudal-most), Pubis (smallest)

cranial medial part of ilium in a bovine and equine.  Wing is between tubers

point of the hip in horse and cow.  Wing is between tubers.

Pin bone in cattle.  Caudal-most pelvic bone.  Where they sit. 

large holes in the pelvis to lighten the bone.  No big blood vessels or nerves go through.

has 3rd (intermediate) trochanter

Equine and Bovine don't have shaft.  Contains lateral malleolus. 

femur, patella, tibia, fibula (Tarsus, metatarsals, phalanges)

femur, patella, tibia, bits of fused fibula

talus, calcaneus (lateral), central, numbered.

bones that form in soft organs.  Os cordis (heart of bovine), Os rostri (nose of swine), os penis (penis of canine)

• moveable, not connected.  Shoulder, stifle. 
• Have articular surfaces on bones with articular cartilege covering, fluid-filled joint cavity enclosed by joint capsule.

• sac-like structure that reduces friction between tissues. 
• Sits between skin-bone, muscle-bone, tendon-bone and ligament-bone joinings.  Inside synovial capsule/membrane/fluid. 
• Between articular cartilege or wrapped all the way aroud tendon or muscle. 

outer layer is fibrous, inner layer is synovial membrane, producing synovial fluid, which lubricates and nourishes the joint surface.  More exercise = more.

little or no movement, joined by fibrous connective tissue.  Skull sutures, syndesmosis (interosseus ligament between radius and ulna in carnivores)

semi-mobile or not moveable.  Jointed by fibrocartilege, hyaline or articular cartilege or both.  Vertebrae, mandibular symphysis, pelvic symphysis, sternebra, synchondrosis (cartilaginous epiphyseal plate uniting diaphysis and epiphysis--immovible)

how joints are connected (Synovial, cartilaginous, fibrous)

Degree of joint mobility (diarthrosis, synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis)

how many bones are involved (simple, complex, compound)

fibrous implantation of tooth into alveoli of jaw bone (not a true joint)

• lateral collateral (down side)
• medial collateral (down side)
• cranial cruciate (crossed in center)
• caudal cruciate (crossed in center)

• fibrous connective tissue connecting bone to bone
• Intracapsular or extracapsular
• Nocioception (pain) and proprioception (location, position)

pain receptors

stretch receptors; keep CNS informed about position of joints and tendons.  Sense of where the body is. 

• Disc of hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage and fibrous tissue
• allows greater variety of motion and alleviates concussions

fibrocartilaginous rim

movement that changes positions

moving in a circle along axis

flexion, extension, overextension

just what it sounds like?

decrease angle (bicep curl in)

increase angle (extend arm)

toward midline

away from midline

Twisting on its own axis

Movement of distal end in a circle

synovial.  Elbow

"no" joint.  synovial.  Atlantoaxial

synovial.  Femorotibial

covex into concave.  Flex/Ex.  Synovial.  Radiocarpal

flex/ex, ab/add.  2 saddles fitting together.  synovial.  Distal interphalangeal

universal movement.  Synovial.  Hip

gliding.  synovial.  Equine vertebral articular process, intercarpal.

minimally invasive surgical procedure; examination of the interior of a joint using an arthroscope (type of endoscope)

• glenohumeral/scapulohumeral joint
• ball and socket
• universal motion, chiefly flexion and extension
• glenoid cavity
• Intertubercular (bicipital) groove--bicep tendon.  Bursa or synovial membrane

• humeroradioulnar
• a hinge (ginglymus) synovial joint and also a compound joint (3+ articular surfaces)
• humeral condyle (w/head of radius)
• anconeal process of ulna (fits olecranon fossa)
• collateral ligaments (flexion and extension)
• ununited anconeal process, fragmented coronoid process (piece floating into joint)

• antebrachiocarpal (synovial elliopoid, radius and ulna to carpal bones)
• middle carpal joint (between two rows of carpals.  Small movement)
• Carpometacarpal joint (distal row of carpal and metacarpal)
• Intercarpal joint (between individual, side-to-side carpal bones)

bow legged.  Medial deviation of bones distal to carpus

knock-kneed.  lateral deviation of the joints distal to carpus

• metacarpophalangeal joint (fetlock in a horse.  Modified hinge)
• proximal joint
• distal interphalangeal joint (saddle)

declawing removal of the distal phalange through the distl interphalangeal joint in cats. 

Hip, Stifle, Carpus/hock, fetlock, pastern, coffin

mostly immovable.  Cartilaginous and synovial.  Connects pelvis to axial skeleton.  Bony connection holding pelvic limb

Sacrum and first caudal vertebrae to ischium.  Connects to tubercle.  Absent in cat.  Horse and cow have sheet of tissue that forms the same function and completes the lateral wall of pelvis

hip.  Ball and socket (spheroidal) synovial.  No collateral ligaments. 

moving knee cap.  Medial or lateral.  Different grades of severity.  Grades 1, 2, 3. 

condylar joint

synovial joints

synovial

synovial

fibrous

comes from being hit by cars.  Stabilize the jaw and it will heal.  Wire around jaw. 

fibrous joint

synovial

cartilaginous

synovial facet (plane)

"Yes" joint--modified hinge

"No" joint--pivot.  Synovial

Stabilizes neck--cervical/atlas, occipital to thoracic spine.  Yellow elastic connective tissue.  Present in dog, absent in cat, sheet in cow and horse

cervical/atlas/occipital to thoracic spine. Stabilizing ligament.  Split into two parts: funicular (cord) and lamellar (sheet).  Dogs have a ligament, cats have none. 

• head of rib into vertebrae--synovial (ball and socket)
• transverse process into tubercle of rib--synovial (plane)

synovial--sternum to cartilege

Cartilaginous.  Sternebrae to sternebrae

condylar joint

animals must push something backwards to move (ground, fluid, gas, etc)

• Form of epidermis
• streamlining,
• trap air,
• lighten animal,
• protect thin skin from rain trauma and sunlight radiation
• assist in thermoregulation and camouflage
• communication behaviors like courtship, defense and recognition

• tall
• flight
• semiplume
• filoplume
• bristle
• downy
• (Contour, Primary, Secondary)

process of feather replacement.  Occurs several times a year depending on species.  Usually symmetrical.  Some water fowl do itall at once.  Usually one or two primaries at a time. 

a developing feather that has pushed out the old one. 

• Pectorals (downstroke, sternum to humerus)
• Supracoracoideus (upstroke, originate on sternum)
• Extensor Carpi Radialis (Flexes elbow/extends wrist--like cat/dog)

thinner bones, keritinized bill, large eye sockets

More cervical and caudal for a flexible neck and tail, fewer thoracic, lumbar and sacral.  Fused for stability. 

Complete.  Bone attaches.  3 bones.  Coracoid, Scapula, Clavicle (wishbone).  (Keel)

ulna is larger in diameter where secondaries attach. 

1st finger--for steering.  Looks like a dewclaw

Avian fused vertebrae and pelvis (sacrum, some coccygeal, some lumbar)

• short, wide femur
• tibiotarsal (fibia small, splint)
• tarsometatarsus

Keel.  Large and concave.

• wing shape
• Feathers
• Torpedo-shaped for less drag
• Fewer, pneumatic bones. 
• lightweight beak instead of jaw
• keel to attach flight muscles
• muscular system
• extra air sacs for lightness

Quill (calamus), Shaft (racis), vane

thick, low blood supply, little myoglobin, stores glycogen for muscle contraction.  Found in flight muscles of short distance fliers like chickens. 

thinner, rich supply of blood, fat, myoglobin, mitochondria.  Long-distance flight muscles.  Waterbirds, songbirds, pigeons, birds of prey.  Dark meat.

web of skin that extends from shoulder to the wrist. 

lungs small, air sacs throughout for lightness, warmth and moisture, lower center of gravity.  uni-directional, takes 2 inspirations and expirations to move one pocket of air. 

no wrinkles, well-developed instinct-center, large optic lobe

biceps brachii tendon pulls to prevent joint flexion.  Serratus ventralis

holds front of body like a swing between ribs and scapula

collateral ligaments (inside ligaments), triceps brachii

os coxae, hip, femur, patella, stifle, tibia/fibula, hock (tarsal bones), Cannon and splint bones (metatarsus), Seasmoid bones, fetlock, long pastern, short pastern, coffin bone

Lacertus fibrosus, Extensor carpi radialis.  Also accessory ligaments (SDF, DDF, Accessory ligaments of SDF and DDF)

block shape of carpal bones, palmar carpal ligament

• suspensory apparatus.  Extensor branch of the interosseus, suspensory ligament (interosseus).  (also Distal sesamoidean ligaments, Accessory ligament of DDF), superficial digital flexor, deep digital flexor
• Transfer tension in tendon to bone.  Accessory ligament of SDF, accessory ligament of DDF

Palmar ligament, sesamoidean, flexor tendons

Double attachment of superficial digital flexor, on both sides of joint

Medial patellar ligament hooks over medial ridge of trochlea to prevent flexion of stifle.  Also, 3 patellar tendons (dogs and cats have one).  Medial patellar ligament, middle patellar ligament, lateral patellar ligament

2 tendonous cords that run from hock to stifle.  Both joints must bend together.  Superficial digital flexor (back), Peronius tertius (front).  Patella lock fixes stifle, which fixes hock. 

horses.  Walk on distal phalange

humans.  Walk on metatarsals

dogs and cats.  Walk on phalanges.