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solution
- a mixture of substances that have a uniform composition
- (homogeneous mixture)
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solvent
the dissolving medium of a solution normally present in the greater amount
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solute
- a substance that is dissolved in a solvent, to form a solution.
- normally present in the lesser amount
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saturated solution
- a solution in which undissolved solute is in equilibrium with dissolved solute
- *you cannot dissolve any more solute*
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unsaturated solution
a solution in which more solute can be dissolved in the solvent
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solubility
the amount of substance that dissolves in a given amount of solvent at a specified temperature
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miscible
liquids that mix in all proportions.
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a momogeneous mixture is an example of what?
a solution
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ethanol and water is an example of what?
miscible
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immiscible
liquids that do not mix
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oil and water is an example of what?
immiscible
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(solubility factors)
solid in a liquid:
if temperature goes up...
then solubility goes up
-
(solubility factors)
solid in a liquid:
if pressure goes up...
then there is no effect on solubility
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(solubility factors)
gas in a liquid:
if temperature goes up.....
then solubility goes down
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(solubility factors)
gas in a liquid:
if pressure goes up....
the solubility goes up
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(calculations)
mass %
- gram solute
- ---------------------------------------------- x 100
- (grams of solute + grams of solvent)
or
- g solute
- --------------x100
- g solution
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(calculations)
PPM (parts per million)
- g solute
- -----------------------------x1,000,000
- (g solute + g solvent)
or
Mg/L
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(calculations)
volume %
- volume of liquid
- --------------------------------x100
- total volume of solution
-
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what are dilution problems?
- those in which you are asked to calculate a solution concentration from a more concentrated starting point
- M1V1=M2V2
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what is colligative properties?
properties in which the total number of solute particles present matter more thatn their physical properties
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what is an acid?
a solution gennerally concidered as H+ ions
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what is a base?
a solution generally considered as OH- ions
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what is a salt?
ionic compounds of cations and anion; generally far left and far right of combinations
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what is the definition of electrolytes?
- a substance that undergoes partial or complete dissociation in solution.
- in doing so, the solution will conduct electricity
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what are electrolytes?
all acids, bases and salts
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what are non-electrolytes?
they will not dissociate in solution to conduct electricity
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what is sugar water (sucrose) and example of?
a non-electrolyte
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strong electrolytes will what...
completely dissociate
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weak electrolytes will what....
partially dissociate
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what does a single -> mean?
strong electrolyte
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what does a double <=> mean?
weak electrolyte
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NaOH(aq)->Na+OH
is this a strong or weak electrolyte?
strong
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HC2H3O2(aq)<=>H+C2H3O2
is this a strong or weak electrolyte?
weak
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(pH/pOH)
on a pH scale what is 0,7,14?
- 0-acidic
- 7-neutral
- 14-basic or alkaline
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(pH/pOH)
how do you calculate the [H+] from the pH?
- [H+] 2nd log
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(pH/pOH)
how do you calculate the pH from the pOH?
pOH-14=
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(pH/pOH)
how do you find the [OH-] from the pOH?
-pOH 2nd log
-
(pH/pOH)
how do you find the [OH-] from the pH?
- first you have to find the pOH by:
- pH-14=pOH
- then from the use the pOH to find the [OH-] :
- -pOH 2nd log= [OH-]
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(pH/pOH)
how do you find the pH from the [H+]?
ex:[H+]=2.5x10-3M
2.5 EE 3 - = log= - pH (dont forget that the answer will be negative on the calculator but its not!)
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(pH/pOH)
how do you find the sig figs?
how ever many #s are in the [H+] or the [OH-] is how many decimal places there are for the pH or pOH
- ex:
- [H+]=2.5x10-3M (two sigfigs)
- pH=2.60 (means two #s after the decimal)
- pOH=11.40 (two #s after the decimal)
- [OH-]=4.0x10-12M (means two sigfigs)
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what are titrations?
- very common technique in which the conventration of an unknown substance is determined
- key: moles of H+=moles of OH-
- end point is neutralization
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(net ionic equations)
what are the 3 steps of net ionic equations?
- 1.un-ionized equation
- 2.total ionic equation
- 3.net ionic equation
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(net ionic equations)
what is a un-ionized equation?
everything is written as normal
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(net ionic equations)
what is a total ionic equation?
equation where substances are written in their most prodominant form when dissolved in H2O
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(net ionic equations)
what is a net ionic equation?
where only substances that have changed are written down
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(net ionic equations)
what are spectator ions?
ions that do not participate in the reaction
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what is LeChteliers principle?
if a stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, the system will shift to offset the stress and stablish a new equilibrium
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concentration stress:
A+B<=>C+D
given the stress what is the equilibrium shift?
stress:
1.add A
2.add B
3.add C or add D
4.remove A
5.remove D
6.add A and add D
- 1.to the right
- 2.to the right
- 3.to the left
- 4.to the left
- 5.to the right
- 6.unknown without measurements
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when is the only time volume stress rule applies?
and what is the rule?
- if one of the substances is a gas
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(volume stress)
N2(g)+3H2(g)<=>2NH3(g)
remember:
4 moles to 2 moles
if volume stress is up the it shifts where?
to the left
-
(volume stress)
N2(g)+3H2(g)<=>2NH3(g)
remember:
4 moles to 2 moles
if volume stress is down then it shifts where?
to the right
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(volume stress)
N2(g)+O2(g)<=>NO2(g)
remember:
2 moles to 2 moles
if volume stress is down the it shifts where?
no shift
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(temperature stress)
what is exothermic?
heat is emitted
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(temperature stress)
what is endothermic?
heat is abdorbed
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(temperature stress)
is this exo or endo?
H2(g)+Cl2(g)<=>2HCl(g)+185KJ
exothermic
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(temperature stress)
is this exo or endo?
H2(g)+I2(g)+51.9KJ<=>2HI(g)
endothermic
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(temperature stress)
if the temp stress is up then what is the shift?
H2(g)+I2(g)+51.9KJ<=>2HI(g)
to the right
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(temperature stress)
if the temp stress is down then what is the shift?
H2(g)+I2(g)+51.9KJ<=>2HI(g)
to the left
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(temperature stress)
if temp stress is up then what is the shift?
H2(g)+Cl2(g)<=>2HCl(g)+185KJ
to the left
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(temperature stress)
if temp stress is down then what is the shift?
H2(g)+Cl2(g)<=>2HCl(g)+185KJ
to the right
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what is a catalyst?
- a substance that affects the rate of a reaction
- *not its chemical equilibrium*
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(Quantitative)
jA+kB<=>pRqS
what are A,B,R,S?
the substances
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(Quantitative)
jA+kB<=>pRqS
what are j,k,p,q?
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(Quantitative)
what is KE or KC?
equilibrium constant
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(Quantitative)
what is KE?
- products (concentration of)
- --------------------------------
- reactanct(concentration of)
=look at notes
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