Exam 1 AP Bio

• 1. Evolution
• 2. Energy
• 3. Interaction
• 4. Information 

• OR the long way
• 1. cells
• 2. inheritance
• 3. energy usage
• 4. communicate
• 5. reproduce
• 6. evolve

• Not based on better or worse
• Based on level of organism
• Atom/Molecule => Cells => Tissues => Organs => Organism => Population => Community => Ecosystem => Biosphere.
• It tells us about new characteristics from higher level that lower level cannot have (Emergent Property)

• Sum > parts
• New characteristics from higher level that lower level cannot have
• Get something more than the parts.

• 1.Atoms/Molecules are not alive
• Cells are alive, but made from not alive things (atom/molecules) 
• Molecules=> cell = life

2.Organism (doesn’t do much by itself) => Population (sexual reproduction & evolution)

• Change in the genetic makeup of a population over time
• Describe as Descent with modification

• Fact (you can observe it) – example. Colony of ants that are insecticide resistant
• Theory (you can explain it)- example: explaining the relationship with banobo and human

• Natural selection is hertiable traits that allow to compete for limited resources and survival of the species to reproduce
• A group with a bad survival trait will be eaten and the trait will cease to exist

• Modification = differences
• Descent = Generation to the next Generation
• As we go down the generations, we see differences.

• Artificial selection: Domestication: Breed animals with certain traits favorable by the breeder
• Natural selection: Traits favorable for survival and reproducing.

• 1. Mathematical Modes
• – Hardy-Wienberg Equilibruim
• 2. Molecular evidence
• – Follow DNA/RNA/protein changes
• 3. Anatomical Data
• – Morphology, embryos
• 4. Geologic
• – geology, how the earth was built, and what’s trap between the earth (fossil)
• 5. Ecologic
• – behavior and locations

• Meaning similar environment and different locations = the same result
• Analogous structure

• The events of an explosion of biodiversity from a new environment with new niches (role in the environment)
• Extinction: No dinosaurs causes mammal to raise
• Islands: New land which we inhabit
• Succession: Destory an environment and build a new one

Evolutionary changes below the species level; change in the allele frequencies in a population over generations

• 1. Change in DNA which lead to change in phenotype = Mutation
• 2. Sex (cause a whole lot of issues)
• -Crossing Over (gene shuffle)
• -Independent Assortment (don’t know how gene are lined up)
• -Random Fertilization (don’t know what sperm meet with what egg) – built up variety

A group of individuals of the smae species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring.

Any of the alternative verisons of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects.

a population’s collection of gene

The proability or percentage of having a certain allele

Observable physical and physiological traits of an organism.

The genetic makeup, or set of alleles, of an organism

• A series of conditions that define no evolution that requires math
• If the requirements are met, then evolution is not occurring (Equilibrium)

• 1. No natural selection (counteract natural selection)
• 2. Large population (counteracts genetic drift)
• 3. No migration (counteracts gene flow)
• 4. No net mutation (counteracts mutation)
• 5. Random mating (counteracts sexual selection)

The rate of surviving and reproducing

• Directional: where the one side becomes the new average. Also reduce variations
• Disruptive: where the two sides increase leaving the middle to decline. Also increase variations
• Stabilizing: where the average increase its size

• Genetic Drift: What happens in genetic drift is that the allele frequency change wildly
• · Chaotic sexual reproduction
• -Gene shuffling, crossing over, and independent assorting (Result is Don’t know what is going to happen)
• -Sexual reproduction greatly overwhelms natural selection.        
• -Elimination/Fixation = Genetic Drift (Don’t know what is going to happen)

• Both are: genetic drift, contain a few individuals, and create new population that has different gene pool from original population.
• Founder's effect: Occur with a few individuals that become isolated from a large population.
• Bottleneck effect: Occur when the population is reduced by a natural disaster.

Move to a new location => population mix => new alleles => changing allele frequency => intro to evolution => natural selection

Change in DNA/RNA/protein

Change in DNA, RNA, and protein can bring new phenotype and genotype changes

• To seek optimal traits in partner
• Males want many babies, while females want quality

• ·Intersexual display (male show off to female and vice versa)
• - This is where phenotypic traits are favored.
• ·Intersexual fighting (2 males killing each other for a female)

Advantages of having two different alleles and maintaining genetic diversity.

-is when one species splits to form new species.

• Prezygotic: to prevent fertilization
• Postzygotic: have fertilization, but to prevent hybrid from being produce

• Allopartic occurs through Founder's effect or when a group of a poulation moves away, colonize, and are isolated from the population.
• Sympatric occurs through when the population is split into two group in which each colonize, and isolated from each other.

When a group of a poulation moves away, colonize, and are isolated from the population. Cause by accident or physical isolation

When the population is divided and each colonize, and isolated from each other. Cause by behavior and/or genetic isolation

• Punctuated take short period of time
• ·Cause by catastrophes and adaptive radiation

• Gradual takes a long time
• ·Cause by stable environment

• Phylogeny: the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species
• Taxonomy: a scientific discipline concerned with naming and classifying the the diverse forms of life
• Systematics: a scientific discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationary

Domain -> Kingdom -> Phylum -> Class -> Order -> Family -> Genus -> Species

Hint: (Here is a memonic) Dumb King Philip Came Over From Germany Soaked

The transfer of gene from one genome to another through mechanisms.

• Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT)
• If genes were shuffling and moving to different branches of species, then why can't happen to the past. So we think the UCA's requirements were real, but it was just gene moving around making us think that UCA was possible

Simplest explantion wins

Can be prove wrong with new data and can be reconstruct for a better understanding of patterns of descent.

Reducing Atmosphere: (Reduction: Adding Electron) so No Oxxygen

Adaptive Radition- New niches (roles) that lead to explosion of biodiversity

• 4.6  billion years ago – Earth was formed
• 3.9  billion years ago – Earth was cooled down and formed rocks
• 3.5  billion years ago – We have the first prokaryotes arrived
• 2.1  billion years ago – We have the first eukaryotes arrived (humans are eukaryotes)
• 1.5 billion years ago – We have the first multicellular life

• RNA is capable of-
• Self assemble (Interaction)
• Capable of catalysis (Energy)
• Holding information (Information)
• Can assemble proteins (Evolution)
• Unstable; so it changes quicky (Evolution)

• Lightning storm with certain gases and water
• Meteorite with organic compunds hiting Earth (Seeding hypothesis)

• Protobionts = Celluar precursors
• Requirements: Able to reproduce and energy process (metabolism)