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- Herakles and Telephos
- Era: 4th Style - Intricate, 70 CE
- Location: Herculaneum
- Techniques:
- high play of light and shadow on Herakles, painting sculpture
- more rounded figures with more realistic forms
- mix of figures that don't relate
- center figure - personification of Arcadia
- Herakles is the dark skinned figure
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- Augustus of Primaporta
- Era: Roman Early Empire, 20 BCE
- Location: Villa of Livia, Primaporta
- Techniques:
- copy of broze orginial
- took dimensions and style from Doryphorus by Polychightus
- individual head
- reliefs on the cuirass depict important diplomatic victory (Parhtians captured the Roman military standard from the Republican general and it depicts the return of the standard)
- allegory - females represent the different provinces
- insignia of the division on the flag
- wrapped in Roman toga
- arm outstretched - iconographic symbol of speaking to a group of people
- youthful idealized emperor
- figure of cupid riding on a dolphin at his feet shows divinely inspired laws - propaganda (supposedly the Julians, his family can trace ancestry back to Venus)
- 6'6" tall
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- Portrait Bust of Livia
- Era: Roman Early Empire, early 1st century BCE
- Location: Faiyum, Egypt
- Techniques:
- made of marble
- imperial women also had eteranlly youthful traits
- she was an extremely respected woman - height of fashion- coiffure - hair is rolled over forehead and bun at the top of the nec
- blemish free, silky smooth skin
- sharply defined features - Greek sculpture of goddess
- multiple versions - same face each time but a different hairstyle
- out lived Augustus by 15 years
- 13.5" tall
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- Ara Pacis Augustae
- Era: Roman Early Empire, 13-9 BCE
- Location: Rome, Italy
- Techniques:
- made of marble
- dedicated by Augustus to Livia for her birthday
- altar of peace
- commemorate the pacification of Spain and the Gauls
- acantus temdrels that adorn the walls made of acanthus leaves
- bucrania and medallions also used
- hanging garlands are victory
- bucrania mean offering to the gods
- 35' wide
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- Tellus Relief
- Era: Roman Early Empire
- Location: Ara Pacis Augustae, Rome, Italy
- Techniques:
- made of marble
- seated woman with two lively babies - myth of Rome and its founding and represents Rome's current wealth and power
- Tellus is also Roma and she is the goddess of Earth
- allegories
- - Pax - peace
- - Ceres - goddess of grain
- - Venus - goddess of love
- - all in one figure
- epitamizes the Pax-Romana - Augustus' era of peace
- represents bountiful earth in full bloom - animals living in harmony
- other two women are allegories of the breezes
- earth, sky, and water elements that represent peace and fertility
- plant life done in low relief - creates recession into space and so does shawls blowing the wind, billowing rounded form cloth
- 5'3" tall
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- Procession
- Era: Roman Early Empire
- Location: Ara Pacis Augustae, Rome, Italy
- Techniques:
- made of marble
- kind of a frieze
- Augustus and his family in a civic procession
- wearing toga attire
- faces are different - individuality based on bust portraiture
- recession into space due to different levels of relief
- garments are realisticly depicted by being deeply undercut to create a high play of light and shadow
- children present - promoting family - propaganda
- moral exemplar further his political and social agenda
- 5'3" tall
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- Imperial Forum
- Era: Roman Early Empire, 46-117 CE
- Location: Rome
- Techniques:
- made of imported marble
- every emperor had their own forum
- center of politics, marble city of Rome
- Augustus creates a city of marble by getting rid of stone
- everything is close because they would walk everywhere
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- Masion Carree
- Era: Roman Early Empire, 1-10 CE
- Location: Nimes, France
- Techniques:
- pseudo-peripteral temple
- larger than Foruna Virils
- corinthean columns
- created to represent solidity, organization, and stability
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- Pont du Gard
- Era: Roman Early Empire, 16 BCE
- Location: near Nimes, France
- Techniques:
- subtle propaganda - subjugation is good for you - better lives for everybody
- powerful mechanism - 100 gallons for each person per day
- 30 miles away
- 3 tiers of staggered arches
- aesthetic and practical
- quicker sense of rhythm on top
- each arch is 82 feet wide on bottom
- each stone is two tons
- created out of drywall
- water flowed only on top
- slightly decline - used gravity for continuous flow of water
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- Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheater)
- Era: Roman Early Empire, 70-82 CE
- Location: Rome, Italy
- Techniques:
- multiple arenas
- the site was Nero's palace
- "Collasus" statue of Nero portraying him as a sun God - got its nick name
- completed by Titus
- games in there for 100 days straight, very costly
- flooding of the arename? for a naval battle
- held together with bronze pegs and used to hold an owning for the upper level
- each arch had a statue
- white marble 160 ft tall
- barrel vaulted corridors
- represented social hierarchy
- 68 gates to enter and entrance
- lift people to stage from underneath
- used all three column orders, Doric on bottom, Ionic in middle, Corinthean on top - optical illusion
- all engaged columns
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- Arch of Titus
- Era: Roman Early Empire, 81 CE
- Location: Roman Forum, Rome, Italy
- Techniques:
- entrance to Roman Forum
- brother built the arch in his honor
- military and political victory
- chariots could go thru the center
- decorative and propagandistic
- Titus' victories in the Holy Lands
- one coffered, barrel-valutled archway framed by engaged columns
- heavy molding just above arch
- composite capitals - Ionic and Corinthean
- would have been a bronze sculpture of a horse and and Titus in a chariot
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- Spoils from the Temple of Jerusalem
- Era: Roman Early Empire, 81 CE
- Location: Arch of Titus, Rome, Italy
- Techniques:
- relief sculpture on inside of archway
- Roman illusionistic art
- procession of figures entering thru an arch
- different levels of relief creates recession into space
- archway in high relief and fades into the background to be low relief
- parade down the Sacred Way
- deeply cut stone creates a high play of light and shadow - creates movement
- 7'10" tall
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- Triumph of Titus
- Era: Roman Early Empire, 81 CE
- Location: Arch of Titus, Rome Italy
- Techniques:
- opposite of Spoils from the Temple of Jerusalem - same length and location
- recession into space through horses done in extremely high relief spears in low relief in the background
- each horse has a visible chest
- horses are placed in front of the chariot -
- first time human figures are interacting with divine figures in human form on an official roman historical relief
- - vicorty is riding with Titus
- - valor is female guiding the horses
- - honor is bare-chested man
- military success into Roman imperial virtues
- 7'10" tall
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- Forum of Trajan
- Artist: Apollodorus of Damascus
- Era: High Empire, 112 CE
- Location: Rome, Italy
- Techniques:
- used to be a huge basilica that dominated a colonnaded open square
- temple would have been behind basilica
- 2 libraries
- enter through impressive gateway
- equestrian statue in center of courtyard surrounded by colonnades
- basilica is foundation of churches - civic building and entrances on the long side
- Temple of Trajan behind column
- - 400 by 200 ft
- - center roof lifted to allow light to come in through windows
- more ornate than pompeii
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- Column of Trajan
- Artist: Apollodorus of Damascus
- Era: High Empire, 106-113 CE
- Location: Forum of Trajan, Rome, Italy
- Techniques:
- 128ft high
- illustrated scroll that wraps itself around all the way to the top - 625 ft long if rolled out
- bands are wider at top 36 to 50 inche
- bronze sculpture of sainton top, not original
- would have been a heroicly nude statue of the emperor on top
- spiral staircase inside column
- balcony on top
- base is a tomb of Trajan - decorated with the catridation arms and armor - ashes inside the tomb
- continuous spiral narrative frieze to commemorate the wars of Trajan
- military campaigns of the Danube
- figures vary in size
- figures are slightly destorted
- illusionism not as present because perspective is off
- figures are stretched a little wider - better for following narrative
- full body of soldiers and then a lot of clustered heads
- documents the naval history
- 150 episodes, 2500 figures
- mostly low to medium relief to not distort as much
- legibility increased through paint
- not chronological - actual battles and preparing for battles
- large figure in sea on bottom thought to be Neptune, god of the sea - divine support
- man was responsible for themselves
- emperor appears over and over again - propaganda - wins because of organization of armies
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- Markets of Trajan
- Era: High Empire, 100-112 CE
- Location: Rome, Italy
- Techniques:
- commercial quarter
- two floors
- shops on bottom, administrative offices on top
- series of terraces on the slope of the Quirinal hill behind it
- power over nature
- large groin-vaulted market plac
- connected by stairs, ramps, and corridors
- post and lintel stylesmade of brick and plaster
- relieveng arch above doors, archway above second post and lintel
- basic unit of measurement - tabaerna, single room shop with one barrel vault
- each shop had a wide doorway to allow light to enter
- hemisphere shaped facade
- would've had a paved street in front of it
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- Pantheon
- Era: High Empire, 118-125 CE
- Location: Rome, Italy
- Techniques:
- "temple of all gods"
- Hadrian may have helped in building and design
- quintessentail use of concrete
- dome has a 142 foot diameter
- entrance hall is a perfect sphere
- 8 Corinthean columns on the temple front facade
- intersection of arch horizontal and vertical
- orb of earth and the dome of heaven - the sphere
- concrete at top is thinner - varies in thickness - helps to alleviate weight - dome steps out on the outside
- coffered ceiling also alleviates weight
- each square originally had a gilded rosette
- very top is oculus, diameter 30ft
- oculus allows in light
- floor mimics ceiling
- oculus on floor is drainage
- geometry of the piece
- niches in the sides with two columns each surrounded by two piers
- ejecting porticos
- each nich would have been a shrine for a different diety
- based on the number 7 - 7 days of the week, 7 deadly sins etc
- concentric squares cut in for coffered ceiling
- Giovanni Panini designed the interior
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- Insula
- Era: High Empire
- Techniques:
- early form of appartment
- built around a courtyard
- all had balconies
- brick faced concrete
- bottom floors had stores
- above were 4 floors of appartments
- some had private toilets
- heating system
- no lighting but narrow light wells and courtyards
- 90% of Rome's population housed in an insulas
- represents what an emperor could do for you
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- Marcus Aurelius Sacrificing
- Era: High Empire, late 2nd century CE
- Location: Arch of Marcus Aurelius, Forum, Rome, Italy
- Techniques:
- from his triumph arch that no longer stands
- preforming a sacrifice in front of a temple
- temple is very flattened, temple front facade and at the same time looking at the side
- higher relief of the facade, low relief on the side
- play of light and shadow in the high relief
- lots of detail
- not a lot of perspective
- people lined up instead of in a group
- individulaism in faces and clothing
- loss of realism because of bunching of figures
- cow watching the sacrifice too?
- Greek helenistic influence so many people packed in
- 10'6" tall
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