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3 scientific attitudes and how they contribute to critical thinking
- curious
- skeptical
- humble
- psychologists approach the world of behavior with curious skepticism; asking What do you mean? and How do you know?
- putting a scientific attitude into practice requires humility; an awareness of our vulnerability to error and an openness to surprises and new perspectives
- * you need to have a scientific attitude to be able to practice critical thinking. critical thinking examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence and asses conclusions. You cannot think critically if you do not ask questions, cling to your preconceptions and have a big ego
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discuss one strategy or skill (out of 4) you plan to use this semester to help with time management
(1st strategy)
- 1. keep a time diary to understand how you are using your time. You may be surprised at how much time you're wasting
- record your activities in a time-use diary for one week
- take notes on how much time you spend in class, studying, working, commuting, eating, socializing, etc.
- also how you are feeling during the day. when does your energy slump & when are you most awake
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discuss one strategy or skill (out of 4) you plan to use this semester to help with time management
(2nd strategy)
- 2. design a new schedule for using your time more effectivelydetermine when you are wasting time
- don't skimp on sleep. try to shift your schedule based on patterns you see and figure out ways to better use time
- plan out your day and week
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discuss one strategy or skill (out of 4) you plan to use this semester to help with time management
(3rd strategy)
- 3. make the most of your study time so that your new schedule will work for you
- take good notes
- keep each course's notes separate and organized
- have a study space that helps you learn. set realistic specific daily goals
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discuss one strategy or skill (out of 4) you plan to use this semester to help with time management
(4th strategy)
- 4. if necessary, refine your new schedule, based on what you've learned
- if you're doing better in some courses, shift your priorities
- if you got a bad grade on a test, study what you did wrong. where did the material come from? class notes or text or both?
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discuss the 3 principles that psychologists use that help them know when an observed difference is reliable
- 1. representative smaples are better than biased samplesa representative sample is a small group that accurately reflects those of the larger population from which it is drawn. keep in mind what population a study has sampled
- 2. less-variable observations are more reliable than more variable ones
averages from scores without a wide range of variety are more reliable than averages from scores with a wide range of variety - ex. a basketball player scored between 13 and 17 points in the first 10 games she played. we would be more confident saying she would score near 15 points in her next game than if her points per game had varied from 5 to 25 points.
- 3. more cases are better than fewer
- the more cases you study the more reliable your average will be.
- if you only base your opinion of the school on two teachers you meet you'll either love AU (if you meet 2 nice teachers) or you'll hate AU (if you meet two mean teachers
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psychology's 3 levels of analysis
- these 3 levels offer complimentary outlooks. "everything is connected to everything else"
- 1. biologicalnatural selection
- genetics
- brain mechanisms and hormones
- 2. psychological
- learned fears & expectations
- emotional responses
- cognitive processing and perceptual interpretations
- 3. Social/cultural
- presence of others
- cultural, societal, and family expectations
- peer and other group influences
- compelling models (like media)
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learn 1 of 4 questions pg 40-44
can laboratory experiments illuminate everyday life?
- an experiment's purpose is not to re-create the exact behaviors of everyday life but to test theoretical principles
- It is the resulting principles, not specific findings, that help explain everyday behaviors
Psychological science focuses less on particular behaviors than on seeking general principles that help explain many behaviors
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learn 1 of 4 questions pg 40-44
does behavior depend on one's culture and gender?
- yes. Our culture shapes our behavior and behaviors vary by gender
- even when specific attitudes and behaviors vary by gender or across cultures, the underlying process are much the same
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learn 1 of 4 questions pg 40-44
why do psychologists study animals, and what ethical guidelines safeguard human and animal research participants?
- Psychology concerned for humans and sensitive to animals serves the welfare of both. there are guidelines for humane treatment, housing, and protection of animals participating in animal research. Animal research has benefited the animals themselves.
- researchers working with human participants are required to obtain their informed consent, protect them from harm and discomfort, keep patient information confidential, and debrief people
- reality TV shows and other movies usually depict psychological experiments inaccurately
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learn 1 of 4 questions pg 40-44
is psychology free of value judgments?
- psychology is definitely not value free
- A science of behavior and mental processes can help us reach our goals but cannot decide what those goals should be
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