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how many pairs of cranial nerves are associated with the brain?
12
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name cranial nerves 1-4 (OOT)
- olfactory
- optic
- oculomotor
- trochlear
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name cranial nerves 5-8
- Trigeminal
- Abducens
- Facial
- Vestibulocular
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name cranial nerves 9-12
- Glossopharyngeal
- Vegus
- Accessory
- Hypoglossal
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The Olfactory Nerves
Where do the nerves pass?
where do the fibers synapse?
sensory or motor?
- through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
- in the olfactory bulbs
- purely sensory
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The Optic Nerves
arise from the _______
Pass through the ____ _____, converge and partially cross over at the ____ _____
sensory or motor?
- retinas
- optic canals,optic chiasma
- sensory
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The Oculomotor Nerves
Innervate __ out of ___ of the extrinsic eye muscles
Functions? (4)
sensory or motor
- 4,6,
- raising eyelid
- directing eyeball
- constricting iris (parasypathetic)
- controlling lens shape
- both
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The Trochlear Nerves
Innervates the _____ _____ muscle of the eye
sensory or motor?
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The Trigeminal Nerves
The _____ cranial nerves
What are the three divisions?
supplies motor fibers to?
The ____ sensory nerve of the ____ and _____
sensory or motor?
- largest
- Opthalmic, Maxillary, Mandibular
- The muscles of mastication
- Great, head and face
- Both
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The Abducens
Innervates the _____ ______ muscle of the eye.
sensory or motor?
-
The Facial Nerves
connected to taste in which portion of the tongue?
what is its motor function?
sensory or motor?
-
The Vestibulocochlear Nerve
what are its two divisions?
what do each control?
sensory or motor
- cochlear and vestibular
- cochlear = hearing
- vestibular = equilibrium
- sensory
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The Glossopharyngeal Nerves
what are its motor functions?
sensory funtion?
- innervation of part of the tongue and pharynx for swallowing
- taste from the posterior 1/3rd of tongue
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The Vegas Nerve
The ______ cranial nerve
the only cranial nerve to extend beyond the _____ and ____
what type of motor fibers are most of the fibers?
what do they help regulate?
- longest
- head and neck
- parasympathetic
- activities of the heart, lungs, and abdominal viscera
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The Accessory Nerves
the only nerves to have dual innervation from what two areas?
which muscles do they innervate?
sensory or motor?
- brain and spinal cord
- trapezius, and sternocleidomastoid
- motor
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The Hypoglossal Nerve
where does it innervate?
what are its functions?
- muscles of the tongue
- swallowing and speech
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what are the nerves associated with the muscles of the eye and which muscle?
- oculomotor - 4 out of 6 muscles
- trochlear - 5th muscle (superior oblique)
- abducens - 6th muscle (lateral rectus)
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How many pair of SPINAL nerves are there?
31
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Are the spinal nerves sensory, motor or both?
both
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what areas of the spine are these nerves and how many in each area?
- cervicle - 8
- thoracic - 12
- lumbar - 5
- sacral - 5
- coccygeal - 1
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each spinal nerve connects to the spinal cord via?
2 roots
-
what are the 2 roots the spinal nerves connect to the spinal cord with?
- ventral or anterior
- dorsal or posterior
-
Ventral roots contain what type of fibers and from where?
Fibers innervate _________
- motor (efferent) fibers, from the ventral horn motor neurons
- skeletal muscles
-
Dorsal (posterior) roots contain what kind of fibers and from where?
they conduct impulses from what?
- sensory (afferent), from neurons in the dorsal root ganglia
- from the peripheral receptors
-
what do dorsal and ventral roots unite to form?
this formation then emerges from the spine via the?
- Spinal nerves
- intervertebral foramina
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Dorsal root assosiation tool
D/P/S/A =?
Dorsal/Posterior/Sensory/Afferent
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Ventral Association Tool
V/A/M/E = ?
Ventral/Anterior/Motor/Efferent
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Each spinal nerve branches into mixed rami, name the 4?
- dorsal rami
- larger ventral ramus
- meningeal branch
- rami communicantes
-
dorsal rami contain nervers the serve what area?
dorsal part of the trunk
-
larger ventral ramus contains nerves that serve what?
remaining parts of the trunk as well as the upper and lower limbs
-
the meningeal branch branch from where and enter where?
they serve what area?
- branch from the spinal nerve and enter the intervertebral foramen.
- serves ligiments, dura, blood vessels, intervertibral discs, facet joints, and periosteum of the vertebrae.
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rami communicantes contain what type of nerves?
these nerves send info to and from what?
- autonomic nerves
- viseral organs
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Which Ventral Rami form Plexus?
all except T2-T12
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what are the 4 plexus?
- cervical
- brachial
- lumbar
- sacral
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ventral rami of t2-t12 are what type of nerves and supply what muscles?
- intercoastal nerves
- supply muscles of the ribs, anterolateral thorax and abdominal wall
-
if it has its this plexus
C-C ?
C-T1 ?
L-L ?
L-S ?
- C-C = Cervical
- C-T1 = Brachial
- L-L = lumbar
- L-S = Sacral
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Brachial Plexus
Formed by ventral rami of which vertebrae?
it gives rise to the nerves that innervate what?
-
what are the 5 nerves of the brachial plexus
- axillary
- muscleocutaneous
- median - REMEBER CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROMEulnar - FUNNY BONE
- radial -
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Lumbar Plexus L-L
where does it innervate?
what major nerve is in lumbar plexus?
where does this nerve innervate?
- Thigh and abdominal wall
- Femoral Nerve - PATELLAR REFLEX
- innervates quadriceps and skin of thigh and surface of leg
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Sacral Plexus L-S
what areas does it serve
buttock, lower limb and pelvic structures
-
what is the major nerve of the sacral plexus
sciatic nerve
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The Sciatic nerve is the
- a) shortest and thinest
- b) weakest and most fragile nerve in the body
- c) longest and thickest nerve in the body
- d) none of the above
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Where does the sciatic nerve innervate?
Hamstring
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what is a dermatome
the area of skin innervated by the cutaneous branches os a single spinal nerve
-
which spinal nerves participate in dermatomes?
all but C1
-
what do most dermatomes do to prevent complete numbness with the destruction of a single spinal nerve?
overlap
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what are the 2 kinds of reflexes ?
-
which reflex is intrinsic, rapid, involuntary?
inborn
-
which reflex is aquired?
learned
-
what is the order of a reflex arc (5 things)
- Receptor
- Sensor/Afferent neuron
- Integration/reflex center
- Motor/Efferent neuron
- Effector
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interneuron:
connects motor and sensory neurons, only in grey matter
-
during a spinal reflex what part of the CNS is responsable for the integration of sensory information and a response transmitted to the motor neurons
- a) brain
- b) ganglia
- c) spinal cord
- d) none of the above
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where do cranial reflexes occur?
brain
-
where do the pathways for cranial reflexes lay?
through cranial nerves and the brain stem
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what is the integration center for spinal reflexes
spinal cord
-
what are the effectors for spinal reflexes?
skeletal muscle
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what is testing of somatic reflexes important to?
assesing the condition of the nervous system
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what is a stretch reflex?
when a muscle is stretched it fights back and contracts which maintains increased tonus, making it stiffer than unstretched muscle
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tendon reflex:
reflexive contraction of a muscle when its tendon is tapped (knee jerk - patellar reflex)
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reciprocal inhibition
reflex phenomenon that prevents muscles from working against eachother by inhibiting the antagonist
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withdrawl reflex
the quick contraction of the flexors and relaxation of the extensors in that limb
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what do sensory receptors respond to in somatic reflexes, viseral/autonomic reflexes
- somatic- external stimuli
- visceral/autonomic - internal stimuli
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what are the effectors for somatic and viseral reflexes
- somatic - skeletal muscle
- visceral - smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
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what is the main difference between somatic and visceral reflex arcs
visceral arcs have TWO neurons in the MOTOR PATHWAY
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Visceral pain afferents and somatic pain fibers travels along some of the same pathways contributing to the phenomenon known as?
reffered pain
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