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What are the two most common upper respiratory viruses affecting cats?
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Are most carriers of feline upper resp. infections clinical or subclinical?
subclinical (so can be shedding w/o us knowing)
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Which UR virus in cats is associated with damaged nasal turbinates?
herpes virus
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Which UR virus is associated with vesicles and oral ulceration?
calici
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Which UR virus is associates with dendritic ulcers on the cornea?
herpes
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What UR virus is associated with chronic conjunctivitis?
chlamydophila felis
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What lab tests are routinely performed to diagnose these UR viral infections?
none, usually presumptive diagnosis since knowing the exact virus won't even tx plan
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Should these cats with UR viral infection be treated as in patient our out?
out if possible to reduce spread to other patients
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What can you give a cat with herpes to interrupt the viral replication?
lysine (essential amino acid)
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Is routine vaccination recommended for herpes and calici? chlamydophila? bordetella?
- herp/calic: yes, all cats to protect against SEVERITY
- chlamyd: optional
- bord: not routinely needed
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What are benign growths in the nasopharynx of cats? Usually young or old cats?
- nasopharyngeal polyps
- kittens, young cats
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Where may nasopharyngeal polyps originate from?
eustachian tube
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What are clinical features of cats presenting w/nasopharyngeal polyps?
- *Respiratory and Neuro signs*
- stertor
- upper airway obstruction
- nasal discharge (2ndary infection/irritation)
- otitis externa, media, interna (head tilt, nystagmus)
- Horner's Syndrome
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What will provide definitive diagnosis of nasopharyngeal polyps?
histopath (inflammatory, fibrous tissue)
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What is treatment for polyps? what is the prognosis?
- traction avulsion - often curative but may recur of involves osseous bullae
- excellent prognosis (+/- transient Horner's)
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Are most nasal tumors in dog/cat benign or malignant? what kind to dogs get? cats?
- majority malignant
- dog: carcinomas
- cats: lymphoma, adenoma, SCC
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Are nasal tumors usually old or young animals? doliocephalic or brachycephalic?
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What is most common clinical sign for nasal tumors?
- chronic nasal discharge, usually unilateral
- (also see facial deformity and neuro abnormalities)
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How are nasal tumors definitively diagnosed?
- Is metastisis common?
- histopathology
- no, but if it does, usually regional lymph nodes
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What is tx of choice for nasal tumors?
- radiation
- chemotherapy of little help unless lymphoma
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What is prognosis for nasal tumors if untreated? with treatment?
- untreated = poor
- w/radiation in dog = mean survival 13 months w/good quality of life
- cats= depends on type of tumor (can live yrs if tx lymphoma)
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Cryptococcus neoformans produces what clinical signs in cats compared to dogs?
- cat: nasal cavity, CNS, eyes, skin, SQ
- dog: CNS mostly
- *lungs effected in both spp.
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What is a normal pathogen in many animals that can become pathogenic in young dogs, causing chronic nasal disease?
Aspergillus fumigatus
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How do nares appear externally with aspergillus? What can be found deeper in the nasal mucosa?
- nares are crusty, ulcerated, depigmented
- plaques invade nasal mucosa
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How do you definitively diagnose aspergillus? what are other helpful diagnostic tools?
- histo is definitive (impression smear from biopsy)
- rhinoscopy to see plaques
- CT scan to see detruction of nasal turbinates, soft tissue mass
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What is tx of choice for aspergillus? what should you do before administering this treatment?
- topical clotrimazole infusion
- make sure cribiform plate is intact (CT scan)
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What is common etiology of laryngeal paralysis? What endocrine diseases should be ruled out?
- idiopathic (geriatric onset)
- r/o; hypothyroidism and Addison's
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What else do dogs with idiopathic laryngeal paralysis also have?
- esophageal dysfunction (worry about asp.pneumonia)
- generalized neuropathy over course of year
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How do you diagnose laryngeal paralysis?
light plane of anesthesia and laryngoscope to visualize arytenoids; Dopram as resp. stimulant can help
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What is anatomical abnormalities associated with brachycephalic syndrome?
- stenotic nares,
- elongated soft palate,
- everted laryngeal saccules
- laryngeal collapse
- hypoplastic trachea (English bull dog)
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