Physio Exam 1

• Cranial Nerve #1
• Smell

• Cranial Nerve #2
• Vision

• Cranial Nerve #3
• Eye movement

• Cranial Nerve #4
• Eye movement

• Cranial Nerve #5
• Masticatory movements and facial movements

• Cranial Nerve #6
• Eye movement

• Cranial Nerve #7
• Facial movements and sensation

• Cranial Nerve #8
• Hearing and balance

• Cranial Nerve #9
• Tongue & pharynx movement & sensation

• Cranial Nerve #10
• Heart, blood vessels, viscera, movement of larynx, & pharynx

• Cranial Nerve #11
• Neck Muscles

• Cranial Nerve #12
• Tongue muscles 

The brain & Sprinal cord

All the neurons & "nerves"in the body that are located outside the brain & spinal cord

A brain cell engaged in informational processing

Carry out the brain's major functions

(GLUE)

Aid & modulate neuron's activities

Neuron that carries incoming information from sensory receptors into the spinal cord & brain

Neuron that carries information from the spinal cord & brain to make muscles contract 

Cortex anterior to the central sulcus & beneath the frontal bone of the skull

Function: Executive functions such as decision making

Same place as fingers

Cortex lying below the lateral fissure, beneath the temporal bone at the side of the skull

Functions in connection with hearing and language and musical abilities 

Same place as thumb

Cortex posterior to the central sulcus

Functions: Directing our movements toward a goal or to perform a task, such as grasping an object

Same place as knuckles

Cortex at the back of the brain

Function: Where visual processing begins

Same as wrist

• -The brain is the most complex living organ on Earth
• -Many behavioral disorders can be explained & possibly cured by understanding the brain
• -How the brain produces both behavior & human consciousness is a major unanswered scientific question

Heavily folded outer layer of brain tissue composed of neurons (cortex=bark)

Contains Gyri & Sulci

Bumps on the folded brain surface (cerebral cortex)

Grooves of the cortex (cerebral cortex)

An explanation of behavior as a function of the nonmaterial mind

Aristotle

A nonmaterial mind & the material body contributes to behavior

Rene Descartes

Quandry of explaining a nonmaterial mind in command of a material body

Behavior can be explained as a function of the nervous system w/o explanatory recourse to the mind


Alfred Wallace & Charles Darwin

Genetic mutation > Adaptive trait > Increased chances of survival > Trait passed on to offspring

Measure of brain size obtained from the ratio of actual brain size to the expected brain size for an animal of a particular body size

Homosapiens have the largest EQ

• -Create a sensory reality
• -Integrate Information
• -Produce Behavior (PRIMARY)

• Three layers of protective tissue
• -Dura Mater (Hard mother)
• -Arachnoid Layer (Spider's Web)
• -Pia Mater (Soft mother)

Fills the ventricles inside the brain & circulates around the brain and spinal cord beneath the arachnoid layer

Conducting toward a central nervous system structure

Conducting away from a central nervous system structure

Major structure of the forebrain- has two hemispheres

Most recently evolved-necessary for consciousness

-Gyrus, Sulcus, & Fissure (A very deep Sulcus)

"Little Brain"

Located in the hind brain

Function: Involved in the coordination of motor & possibily other mental processes

Central structures of the brain, including the hind brain, mid brain, & diencephalon

Anterior, middle, & posterior cerebral arteries

Areas of the nervous system rich in fat-sheathed neural axon that form the connections between brain cells

Areas of the nervous system composed of cell bodies & blood vessels 

Function: collect & modify information or support this activity

A cavity in the brain that contains cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) that cushions the brain and may maintain brain metabolism. 4 ventricles.

Fiber system connecting the two cerebral hemispheres to provide a route for direct communication b/w them

• Right-Spatial
• Left- Sequential

A group of cells forming a cluster that can be identified with special stains to form a functional grouping

Large collection of axons coursing together OUTSIDE the central nervous system

Large collection of axons coursing together WITHIN the central nervous system

• -Controls most body movements
• -Can act independently of the brain
• -Spinal reflex
•   *Automatic movement
•   *Hard to prevent (brain cannot inhibit)
•   *Example: Knee jerk reflx (patellar tendon)

• -Begins where spinal cord enters the skull
• -Produces movement & creates a sensory world

• -Three Regions
•   *Hindbrain
•   *Midbrain
•   *Diecephalon

• Evolutionarily the oldest part of the brain
• Control of movement 

Contains: Cerebellum, Reticular Formation, Pons, Medulla

• -Controls complex movements & has a role in a variety of cognitive functions
• -Size of cerebellum increases with the physical speed & dexterity of a species

• -Netlike mixture of neurons (gray matter) & nerve fibers (white matter)
• -Stimulates the forebrain: regulation of sleep-wake behavior & behavioral arousal 

Pons- Connects cerebellum to the rest of the brain & controls important movements of the body

Medulla-Rostral end of brain, Vital functions: control of breathing & heart rate 

• Tectum (roof of midbrain)
• -Sensory processing
• -Produces orienting movements

• Tegmentum (floor of midbrain)
• -eye & limb movements
• -species specific behaviors
• -perception of pain

Hypothalamus: Feeding, sexual behavior, sleeping, temperature regulation, emotional behavior, hormone function(through connections with the pituitary gland)

Thalamus: sensory processing, motor processing, integrative functions, motivation, memory

-Integrates sensation, emotion, memory, enabling higher cognitive functions.

Three principle structures: neocortex, basal ganglia, and limbic system

6 layers of gray matter

creates & responds to a perceptual world

ALOT MORE READ NOTES/BOOK

• -Collection of nuclei just below the white matter of the cortex
• -Controls voluntary movement
• -Related disorders: Huntington's Corea, Parkinson's, & Tourettes

Group of structures between the neocortex & brainstem: cingulate cortex, hippocampus, & amygdala

Regulation of Emotional & sexual behaviors, memory, & spatial navigation