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what is the biological organization?
- cell
- tissue
- organ
- organ system
- organism
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What is a hormone?
chemical messengers in the body that cause changes in cells away from the site of production
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chemical messenger do what
- cause change slowly
- change ceases slowly
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What are all the organs in the endocrine system?
ovaries, pancreas, testis,adrenal glands, thymus,parathyroid glands, pituatary glands, hypothalmus and pineal glands
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Gland in the cervical region
thyroid gland
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name 3 glands you can find bilaterally in the human body
- adrenal glands
- ovaries
- testis
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what gland is immediatly inferior to the thyroid gland
thymus
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most superior gland in the head
pitutary gland
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superior to the pitutary gland
hypothalmus
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what is the endocrinology
study of the endocrine system
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what is pathology
diseases of a system
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what are the specific jobs of of the hormones
- growth
- homeostasis
- reproduction
- body defenses
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What are the three types of hormones?
- amino acid-based
- steriod-based
- eicosanoids
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If an hormone is amino acid-based it cannot what?
pass directly through the membrane
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If a hormone is steriod based it can what?
pass through the cell membrane
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why can steroid based hormones pass through the cell membrane while amino acid-based cannot?
- becasue it is fat soluble
- (cholesterol precursor(so good form of cholesterol))
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Why is fevering good?
because you burn off the pathogens and increase the efficency of immune system because it works better when warmer
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cAmp activates what?
protein kinase
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What does kinase do?
triggers responses to help target cell
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What two things have to fit together in the mode of action of a hormone?
the hormone and the receptor
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What kicks of a change in a cell?
the hormone
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What is the mode of action of a hormone?
Hormone attaches to a receptor which creates a G protein which then travels down the membrane to create the Adenylate cyclose where ATP gets involved to make cAMP(cyclate AMP) which than activates protein kinase which than results in a change in the cell
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What are cell changes?
- alters permability
- stimulate mitosis
- exocytosis
- decrease/ increase of protein production
- activates/deactivates enzymes
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endocrine system
interacts with the nervous system to coordinate and integrate the activity of body cells
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endocrinology
scientific study of hormones and endocrine organs
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endocrine glands
also called ductless glands, produce hormones and lack ducts
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neuroendocrine organ
the hypothalmus, along with its neural functions, produces and releases hormones
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autocrines
are chemicals that exert their effects on the same cells that secrete them
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paracrines
also act locally but affect cell types other than those releasing the paracrine chemicals
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amino acid-based
most hormones
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steroids
syntheized from cholesterol
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eicosanoids
which include leukotrines and prostagladins, we must add a 3rd chemical class
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target cells
given hormone influence the activity of only certain tissue cells
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second messengers
generated when a hormone binds to a receptor on the plasma membrane
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cyclic AMP
one 2nd messenger, used by neurotransmitters adn olfactory receptors
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cyclic AMP signaling Mechanism
this mechanism involves the interaction of 3 plasma membranes components to determine intracellular levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP), a hormone receptor, a G protein, and a effector enzyme (adenylate cyclose)
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phosphodiesterose
rapidly degrades molecules
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phospholipase C
splits a plasma membrane phospholipid called PIP2 into DAG and IP3
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DAG
activates a protein kinase enzyme which triggers responses within the target cell
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IP3
release CA2+ from intracellular storage sites
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calmodulin
intracellular regulatory protein
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up-regulation
some instances were target cells form more receptors in response to rising blood levels of the specific hormone to which they respond
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down-regulation
involves loss of receptors and prevents the target cells from overreacting to persistantly high hormone levels
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half-life
length of time for a hormones blood level to decrease by half
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permissiveness
situation when one hormone cannot exertits full effects without another hormone being present
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synergism
occurs in situation were more than one hormones produces the same effects as the target cell and their combined affects are amplified
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antagonism
are hormone opposes the action of another hormone
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negative feedback system
some internal and external stimulus triggers hormone secretion
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pitutary gland or hypophysis
secretes at least 9 hormones
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infundibulum
connects the gland to the hypothalmus superiorly
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neurohormones
hormone secreted by neurons
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neurohypophysis
posterior lobe alone
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anterior pituitary or adenhypophysis
composed of glandular tissue, manafactures and releases a number of hormones
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